acute bacterial cystitis bacteriaE.coli (by far the most common)
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Klebsiella
Proteus mirabilis microbiologyurologyreproductive May 11, 2019, 6:19 AM HirotoShishido
acute bacterial cystitis risk factorsfemale gender,sexual intercourse,indwelling catheter,diabetes mellitus(hyperglycemia inhibit phagocytosis in bladder),impaired bladder emptying microbiologyurologyreproductive May 11, 2019, 6:12 AM HirotoShishido
benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) pathogenesis(5α-redactase convert testosterone into dihydrotestosterone,DHT)
after 30yo,testosterone production decline by 1% every year
meanwhile,5α-redactase increase with age
eventually, more DHT allows luminal and basal cells in the prostate to keep growing and multiplying urologyreproductive May 11, 2019, 1:30 AM HirotoShishido
BPH symptoms(start when prostatic urethra obstructed)
dribbling(weak stream of urine)
dysuria(pain during urination)
have to strain when urinating
hesitensy(trouble initiating urination)
nocturia reproductiveurology May 11, 2019, 1:41 AM HirotoShishido
seminiferous tubules 精細管
epididymis
vas deferens 輸精管
ejaculatory ducts 射精管
(nothing)
urethra
penis reproductiveurology May 10, 2019, 10:45 AM HirotoShishido
which chromosomal aneuploidy syndromes are associated w/ horseshoe kidneyturner syndrome, trisomies 13,18,21 renalurology May 15, 2019, 4:58 AM HirotoShishido
腎周囲組織Gerota's fasia,capsula adipose,capsula fibrosa(from outside to inside) renalurology May 14, 2019, 4:00 AM HirotoShishido
which histological pattern of BPH does best respond to finasteride?predominant epithelial hyperplasia>> predominant stromal hyperplasia(collagen or smooth muscle predominance) reproductiveurologyUWorld Mar 31, 2020, 5:04 AM HirotoShishido
symptoms/treatment of hydronephrosisflank pain ☆radiating to the groin with a balltable flank mass that develops within a week of pelvic surgery
layers of scrotum白膜 tunica albuginea,
(臓側、壁側)鞘膜 tunica vaginalis,
内精筋膜 internal spermatic fasia,
精巣挙筋 cremasteric muscle,
外精筋膜 external spepmatic casia,
陰嚢肉様膜 dartos layer of scrotum reproductiveurology Dec 14, 2018, 1:24 AM HirotoShishido
which cell does secrete inhibin B, androgen binding protein(ABP), and Müllerian inhibitory factor(MIF) in male reproductive system・Sertoli cells
inhibin B which inhibit FSH
ABP allows testosterone to cross blood-testis barrier
(☆if dysfunctioning, low concentration of testosterone in the seminiferous tubule and normal circulating teststerone level can be seen(as long as hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis are normally functioning)
MIF that suppress development of paramesonephric ducts
PTHrP(parathyroid hormone-related protein)→ ↑Ca (SCC of the lung)
☆Ectopicerythropoietin(EPO)→ polycythemia
(* RCC can also cause both anemia of chronic disease and iron deficiency anemia due to chronic hematuria)
risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladderSchistosoma haematobium(ビルハルツ住血吸虫)→cause chronic imflammation in bladder
chronic cystitis
kidney stone
am important characteristic of genitourinary schistosomiasis
=☆hematuria at the end of the voiding("terminal hematuria") microbiologyurologyUWorld May 13, 2019, 6:32 AM HirotoShishido
