RCC blood vesselsinvade renal vein→if LEFT sided, may develop varicocele(精索静脈瘤)→IVC→hematogenous spread→metastasis to lung and bone urologyrenal May 11, 2019, 1:35 AM HirotoShishido
typical symptoms of adenocarcinoma of bladdermucusuria and abdominal mass can indicate urachal adenocarcinoma renalurology May 13, 2019, 3:24 AM HirotoShishido
prevention of honeymoon cystitisdrink lots of fluids after the sexual intercourse so bacteria might be flashed out urology May 11, 2019, 3:22 AM HirotoShishido
complications of acute pyelonephritischronic pyelonephritis,renal papillary necrosis(worse prognosis),perinephric abscess,urosepsis urologyrenal May 11, 2019, 3:50 AM HirotoShishido
acute bacterial cystitis bacteriaE.coli (by far the most common)
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Klebsiella
Proteus mirabilis microbiologyurologyreproductive May 11, 2019, 3:19 AM HirotoShishido
acute bacterial cystitis risk factorsfemale gender,sexual intercourse,indwelling catheter,diabetes mellitus(hyperglycemia inhibit phagocytosis in bladder),impaired bladder emptying microbiologyurologyreproductive May 11, 2019, 3:12 AM HirotoShishido
benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) pathogenesis(5α-redactase convert testosterone into dihydrotestosterone,DHT)
after 30yo,testosterone production decline by 1% every year
meanwhile,5α-redactase increase with age
eventually, more DHT allows luminal and basal cells in the prostate to keep growing and multiplying urologyreproductive May 10, 2019, 10:30 PM HirotoShishido
BPH symptoms(start when prostatic urethra obstructed)
dribbling(weak stream of urine)
dysuria(pain during urination)
have to strain when urinating
hesitensy(trouble initiating urination)
nocturia reproductiveurology May 10, 2019, 10:41 PM HirotoShishido
尿路結石 女性で少ない理由女性ではクエン酸が高い傾向にあり、クエン酸(citric acid)はカルシウムをキレート(chelate)するため尿路結石できにくくなる。 urology May 17, 2019, 9:05 PM HirotoShishido
most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction in male infants
diagnosis,treatmentposterior urethral valves(PUV,後部尿道弁)
diagnosis
-prenatal: on ultrasound dialated or thick-walled bladder
-postnatal: voiding cystourethrogram(VCUG)
treatment
-prenatal: risky, resrerved for severe cases
-postnatal: transurethral catheter ablation reproductiveurology May 17, 2019, 8:57 PM HirotoShishido
which histological pattern of BPH does best respond to finasteride?predominant epithelial hyperplasia>> predominant stromal hyperplasia(collagen or smooth muscle predominance) reproductiveurologyUWorld Mar 31, 2020, 2:04 AM HirotoShishido
