characteristics of the bacteriaGBS colonization by vaginal-rectal culture at 35-37 weeks gestation is recommended to identify colonized woman who require ★intrapartum penicillin/ampicillin to prevent neonatal GBS sepsis, pneumonia and meningitis
women with heavy colnization (eg. asymptomatic bacteriuria) needs ampicillin (★)regardless of screening status or rectovaginal culture results
HIV prophylaxis for pregnancy, adverse effectsZidovudine(ZVD) (NRTIs)
ZIDOvudine→decreased risk of FETAL(児童)transmission(indicated w/ pregnancy)
☆bone marrow suppression(can happen to NRTIs but the most common in zidovudine), peripheral neuropathy, and specifically, anemia microbiologypharmacology HirotoShishido
C. botulinum
symptoms, which steps in neuromuscular transmission is affected, treatment4 D's(⇔pellagra)
enters the nerve terminals through endocytosis, when it ☆prevents binding and fusion of Ach-containing synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane through the destruction of SNARE proteins
sporothrix schenckii
transmissionspores are traumatically introduced into the skin, typically by ☆a thorn("rose gardener's disease") microbiologydermatologyUWorld HirotoShishido
picture
symptoms, transmission, diagnosis, treatmentcutaneous leishmaniasis
enlarging, pinkish papule at the site of the bites→ eventually develop into nodule or plaque and ulcerations
caused by Leishmania donovani
→can also cause(kala-azar)
(visceral protozoa infection) hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia
sandfly
macrophages containing ☆intracellular round oval amastigotes with rod shaped kinetoplasts
isoniazid adverse effectsINH
Injures Neurons and Hepatocytes
+lupus, sideroblastic anemia
peripheral polyneuropathy is caused by ¥an accumulation of S adenosylmethionine (SAM)
SAM has neurotoxic effects because it inhibits the synthesis of sphingolipids and myelin microbiologypharmacologyAmboss level4 HirotoShishido
what produce aflatoxin B1
and what is caused by aflatoxin B1aspergillus flavus(not fumigatus)
High levels of dietary aflatoxin exposure is associated with a G:C → T:A transversion in codon 249 of the ☆p53 gene, a mutation thought to greatly increase the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma. microbiologygastrointestinalUWorld HirotoShishido
clostridium perfringens two toxins
symptoms,treatmentα toxin= ☆phospholipase C(lecithinase)
→catalyze the splitting of phospholipid molecules
→myonecrosis(gas gangrene) extreme pain, swelling, crepitus(crackles when u press)
surgical excision, penicillin v or clindamycin, heperbaric therapy
risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladderSchistosoma haematobium(ビルハルツ住血吸虫)→cause chronic imflammation in bladder
chronic cystitis
kidney stone
am important characteristic of genitourinary schistosomiasis
=☆hematuria at the end of the voiding("terminal hematuria") microbiologyurologyUWorld HirotoShishido
common diseases of HIV positive adults
CD4+ cell count<500/mm3EBV→oral hairy leukoplakia(口腔毛様白板症)→→→CNS lymphoma(EleVated) unscrapable
