If they are chronically activated by a recurring insult (such as smoking), the chronic inflammatory responses will induce cytokines to trigger the alveolar macrophages to ☆increase elastase activity to breakdown elastin and decrease lung compliance.
neutrophil elastase → ↓tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases →↑macrophage elastase
macrophage elastase→☆↓alpha-1 antitrypsin→ ↑neutrophil elastase
respiratory
UWorld
Optimized studying based on the forgetting curve vastly improves memorization. - What is reminDO?
Memorize