There is subendothelial lipid deposition and infiltration of inflammatory cells (ie, macrophages, T lymphocytes) followed by the release of inflammatory mediators (eg,interleukin-1-beta, transforming growth factor beta-1).
Subsequently, there is increased production of proteins involved in tissue calcification (eg, osteopontin). ☆Fibroblasts differentiate into osteoblast-like cells, leading to aberrant bone matrix deposition with progressive valvular calcification and stenosis.
cardiology
pathology
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