the 2nd leading cause of lung cancer after cigarrete smoke☆radon
Byproduct of uranium decay, accumulates in basements pathologyrespiratoryfree120 Jun 19, 2020, 5:36 AM HirotoShishido
what makes the sputum greenMyeloperoxidase contains a blue-green, heme-containing pigment that gives sputum its color.
myeloperoxidase deficiency → inable to form hypochlorite
less severe and less commonly involves recurrent serious bacterial infeltions. when symptomatic, it typically involves ☆candida infections immunologyUWorldfree120 Jun 19, 2020, 2:47 AM HirotoShishido
CD28on the naive T cells
binds to ☆CD80/86= B7 on APC
(responsible for proliferation and survival (signal 2))
eg. type Ⅳ hypersensitivity
signal 1→ T-cell activation:
Exogenous antigen is presented on MHC II and recognized by TCR on Th (CD4+) cell.
Endogenous or cross-presented antigen is presented on MHC I to Tc (CD8+) cell. immunologyfree120 Jun 18, 2020, 10:14 PM HirotoShishido
different effectiveness of codeincodein is prodrug with basically no effects by itself
it instead must be ☆metabolized (by the liver via CYP2D6) into morphine in order to provide analgesia anesthesiologypharmacologyfree120 Jun 18, 2020, 10:32 AM HirotoShishido
HPV carcinogenesisHPV viral protein E6 binds to ☆p53, a tumor suppressor protein that normally inhibits the proliferation of cells with genetic abnormalities. Ubiquitination of the E6-p53 complex induces degradation of p53, leading to unregulated cellular growth.
HPV viral protein E7 binds to retinoblastoma(Rb) protein, which results in the displacement of E2F (a transcription factor that induces cell cycle activation), promoting unregulated DNA replication and cyclin-mediated cell cycling. microbiologypathologyfree120 Jun 18, 2020, 8:51 AM HirotoShishido
which cervical lymph node can apex of tongue/ tonsilar squamous cell carcinoma spread to?apex of tongue→ ☆Ⅰ= submental
tonsilar→ Ⅱ= upper ☆jugular nodes anatomyfree120UWorld May 21, 2020, 3:24 AM HirotoShishido
bacteria which produce dextrans using sucrose as a subtrate
treatment for this conditionviridans steptococci
can adhere to ☆tooth enamel and to ☆fibrin platelet aggregates on damaged heart valves due to their ability to produce insoluble extracellular polysaccharides(dextrans), causing subacute bacterial endocarditis
methemoglobinemia
cause, symptoms, treatmentnitrates(nitroglycerin), nitrites(亜硝酸塩, high altitude water sources), ☆benzocaine(local anesthesia for apthous stomatitis),dapsone
☆chocolate colored blood, cyanosis(☆Fe3+ has ↑ affinity for cyanide→ left shift), pulse oximetry inaccuracy