nuclear factor kappa B signalingNF-κB= transcrption factor
NF-κB is normally present in a latent, inactive state bound to its ☆inhibitor protein, IκB. As part of the classical activation pathway, an extracellular signal, causes activation of IκB kinase.
This results in ubiquitination and subsequent destruction of IκB with the release of free NF-κB. Once free, NF-κB enters the nucleus and promotes the synthesis of a number of inflammatory proteins. immunologyUWorld HirotoShishido
cell surface marker of macrophages☆CD14, MHCⅡ, B7(CD80/86), Fc and C3b receptors
immunodeficiency which increase the risk of autoimmune diseaseselective IgA deficiency
common variable immunodeficiency
(defect in B cell differentiation)
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WATER) immunology HirotoShishido
major role of superoxide dismutaseprevent the damaging effects of superoxide produced by aerobic respiration in the mitochondria immunologyUWorld SIM2 HirotoShishido
what makes the sputum greenMyeloperoxidase contains a blue-green, heme-containing pigment that gives sputum its color.
myeloperoxidase deficiency → inable to form hypochlorite
less severe and less commonly involves recurrent serious bacterial infeltions. when symptomatic, it typically involves ☆candida infections immunologyUWorldfree120 HirotoShishido
CD28on the naive T cells
binds to ☆CD80/86= B7 on APC
(responsible for proliferation and survival (signal 2))
eg. type Ⅳ hypersensitivity
signal 1→ T-cell activation:
Exogenous antigen is presented on MHC II and recognized by TCR on Th (CD4+) cell.
Endogenous or cross-presented antigen is presented on MHC I to Tc (CD8+) cell. immunologyfree120 HirotoShishido
administration/ elimination of monoclonal antibodids(mAbs)must be given via intravenous or subcutaneous/ intramuscular routes ×oral
mAbs are ☆not eliminated by hepatic or renal clearance, but are instead removed from the body in 2 primary ways:
・Target-mediated drug clearance: mAbs directed against cell surface antigens undergo internalization upon binding to their targets, removing them from the circulation
・Nonspecific clearance: Immunoglobulins are constitutively taken up by reticuloendothelial macrophages and vascular endothelial cells. immunologypharmacologyUWorld HirotoShishido
complications of thymomaPure red cell aplasia (Anemia with low reticulocytes)
Good syndrome (Hypogammaglobulinemia) immunologyUWorld HirotoShishido
presentation of severe combined immunodeficiency(SCID)☆Failure to thrive, chronic diarrhea, thrush, recurrent severe viral, fungal, or opportunistic (PCP) infections immunologyUWorld HirotoShishido
what molecular findings suggest malignancy in the patient with lymphoma☆monoclonal T-cell receptor(TCR) gene rearrangements
The clonality of a T-cell population
can be assesed by molecular methods such as PCR. If a single allele for the V region of the TCR predominates in a lymphocytlc population, monoclonal proliferation is suspected. hematologyimmunologyUWorld HirotoShishido
what does mast cell release during the immediate reactionrelease histamine (a vasoactive amine) and ☆tryptase (a marker of mast cell activation) immunologyUWorld HirotoShishido
proteins associated with Major histocompatibility complex I and ⅡMHC Ⅰ→ β-2 microglobulin
MHC Ⅱ→ invariant chain immunologyUWorld SIM1 HirotoShishido
what should be added after patient serum in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)(a known antigen→ patient serum which contains antigen specific antibody→)
☆Anti-human immunoglobulin antibody coupled to a substrate-modifying enzyme (eg, peroxidase) is then added. This antibody-enzyme conjugate binds to antigen-bound antibodies in the wells. The plate is again washed.
(→subtrate is added to elicit a detectable signal such as color change(proportional to the amount of antibody present in the patient's serum)) immunologyUWorld SIM1 HirotoShishido
mechanism of cancer cells evading apoptosisdevelopment of the ability to ☆splice out a particucar exon that codes for the transmembrane domain of the Fas receptor(FasR) converting it to a soluble form that is not expressed on the cell surface, which allows the cells to evade apoptosis
what environmental organisms cause opportunic infection in the patients with advanced AIDSenvironmental pathogens such as histoplasma(in bird droppings), mycobacterium avium(in water), and cryptococcus(in soil contaminated with bird droppings) often cause opportunistic infection immunologymicrobiology HirotoShishido
especially what organisms are the patient with systemic chemotherapy susceptible to?mucositis(breaches the mucosal barrier)
+neutropenia(neutrophil cannot serve as front line defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens, commensal pathogens from spreading to the bloodstream and deeper tissues)
→most cases of neutropenic fever are due to ☆endogenous commensal organisms
(gram negative enteric bacilli, such as P aeruginosa and gram positive skin organisms such as S aureus, S epidermidis)
