"neurology" Post in this tag
management for transient ischemic attack(TIA)
Secondary prevention of future stroke includes antiplatelet agents (eg, aspirin, clopidogrel) to prevent thrombus formation and ☆statin therapy (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor; eg, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin) to reduce atherosclerotic plaque formation. Lifestyle modifications (eg, exercise, tobacco cessation) are also recommended.
neurology
UWorld
HirotoShishido
early and late onset of Alzheimer's disease
eary→ associated with Amyloid precursor protein(APP) (on chromosome 21)
☆presenilin-1,2
late→ (1 or 2 copies of)Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 are at high risk
neurology
genetics
UWorld
HirotoShishido
medications which have agonism and antagonism at the opioid receptors
☆nalbuphine, pentazocine
κ opiate receptor agonist and a partial antagonist at the μ opiate receptors within the CNS
pharmacology
neurology
HirotoShishido
at what vertebral level is conus medullaris located?
which nerve is affected ln conus medullaris syndrome?
L1-2
S3-5(urinary incontinence, bilateral pain⇔ cauda epuina syndrome)
anatomy
musculoskeletal
neurology
HirotoShishido
mannitol
clinical use, adverse effect
(osmotic diuretic)
elevated intracranial/intraocular pressure, drug overdose
pulmonary edema, dehydration
→contraindicated in anuria, HF
pharmacology
neurology
renal
HirotoShishido
length of REM and REM latency for elderly and the patient with depression
・・・・・・REM REM latency
elderly ↓ ↑
depression ↑ ↓
neurology
HirotoShishido
the only output of cerebellar cortex
neurotransmitter
PurkINje cell= always INhibitory
to deep cerebellar nuclei
GABA
neurology
HirotoShishido
GABAb receptor agonist
medication, clinical use
baclofen→ GABAb receptor agonist in spinal cord
(GABAa→ benzodiazepine, barbiturates)
muscle spasticity, multiple sclerosis
(tizanidine is also effective and commonly used(alpha-2 adrenergic))
pharmacology
neurology
UWorld
HirotoShishido
tuberous sclerosis
mental disorder
autism spectrum disorder(ASD)
Patient's with tuberous sclerosis also have a higher propensity of also having autism spectrum disorder.
psychiatry
neurology
HirotoShishido
the differences between
barbiturates and benzodiazepines
・mechanism
bar→(facilitate GABAa action by)↑duration(giant door stop)
ben→ ↑frequency
・clinical use
ben→ muscle relaxant, treat withdrawal symptoms
common→ hypnotic, anetsthetic, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic
・adverse effects
bar→ respiratory and cardiovascular depression, life threatning withdrawal, CYP450 induction
ben→ overdose can be treated w/ flumazenil
common→ drowsiness, paradoxical stimulation, addiction
pharmacology
neurology
psychiatry
HirotoShishido
clinical differences between myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
MG→worsens with muscle use, improvement after edrophonium test+ ☆ice pack test(cold temperatures inhibit acetylcholinesterase)
Lambert-Eaton→improves with muscle use
neurology
HirotoShishido
posterior cord injury
both axillary and radial nerve are injured
radial: wirst drop, loss of elbow, wrist, finger extention, (loss of sensation over posterior arm/forearm and dorsal hand)
axilarry: flattened deltoid, loss of arm abduction(>15°), (loss of sensation over deltoid muscle and lateral arm)
musculoskeletal
neurology
HirotoShishido
what layer of the nerve is damaged in Guillain-Barre syndrome
endoneurium(invests single nerve fiber layers)
(→perineurium→epineurium)
neurology
HirotoShishido
the most common cause of intraparenchymal hemorrhage
hemorrhages due to rupture of ☆Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms (commonly found within the small penetrating branches)
neurology
HirotoShishido
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