pathophysiology of minimal change diseasewith disruption of ☆negatively charged heparan sulfate, negatively charged albumin is no longer repelled and protein is lost in the urine renal HirotoShishido
the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in African-Americans and Hispanicsfocal segmental glomerulosclerosis(FSGS) renal HirotoShishido
treatment of electrolyte abnormality in aspirin overdose(respiratory alkalosis+anion gap metabolic acidosis)
the most common neurogenic cause of overflow incontinencediabetes mellitus(automatous bladder)
(pelvic nerve(sympathetic) is damaged) renalurology HirotoShishido
the differece of electrolytes abnormality effects between Loop diuretics and Thiazide diuretics・different effects
loop→hypocalcemia(cannot be used for stones),ototoxicity
thiazide→hypercalcemia(can be used),hyperglycemia
hepatorenal syndrome
pathogenesis,diagnosis,treatment,prognosis(肝腎症候群)
progressive functional renal failure caused by reduction in the GFR due to declining hepatic function
kidney anatomy is completely unaffected(normal size and shape)
confirmed characteristic of postrenal failureurine osmolality<350 mOsm/kg
kidneys are unable to effectively concentrate the urine renal HirotoShishido
GFR=?? clearanceinulin
creatinin clearance is an approximate measure of GFR(slightly overestimate GFR cos creatinin is moderately secreted by renal tubules) renal HirotoShishido