no brachiocephalic artery(anomaly)
characteristicright recurrent laryngeal nerve doesn't make a loop ENT HirotoShishido
semicircular canalanterior=superior→sense the head tilting forward
lateral=horizontal→sense the head tilting to the side
posterior→sense the head tilting backward
(anterior+posterior=vertical) ENT HirotoShishido
facial nerve palsy
UMN,LMNupper division of facial nucleus→connected to both sides of the motor cortex
lower division of facial nucleus→connected only to the other side of the motor cortex
UMN injury→palsy only on the lower side of the face
LMN injury→palsy on both upper and lower sides of the face neurologyENT HirotoShishido
sympathomimetics used as a nasal decongestantnonselective α receptor agonist(α1>α2)
→phenylephrine pharmacologyENT HirotoShishido
dampendˈæmp(ə)n
Make less strong or intense.
'tensor tympani (innervated by CNⅤ-3) dampens loud sounds by tensing the tympanic membrane'
cutaneous innervation of the external auditory canalCNⅤ-3, Ⅶ,Ⅸ, Ⅹ
Ⅴ-3→ anterior wall, external portion of the tympanic membrane
Ⅸ→ internal portion of the tympanic membrane
Ⅹ→ ☆posterior wall
(stimulation of the posterior wall can trigger vasovagal syncope) neurologyENTUWorld HirotoShishido
reffered otalgiahypopharyngeal carcinoma→ irritation of the vagus nerve (CN X)
complications of blow out fracture(fracture of orbital floor)
damage to ☆infraorbital nerve can result in eumbness and paresthesia of the upper cheek, ☆uppep lip, and upper gingiva
ipsilateral sensorineural hearing loss
differential diagnosisMeniere disease
sudden sensorineural hearing loss
<infection>
mumps hearing loss
Ramsay-Hunt syndrome(VZV)
<tumor>
cochleovestibular schwannoma
<trauma>
perilymph fistula(PLF,外リンパ瘻)
acoustic trauma (nose induced hearing loss)
→ ☆high frequency loss (loss of the cochlear base) caused by ☆trauma to the stereociliated cells of the organ of Corti
motor innervation of the tongueCN Ⅹ→ ☆palatoglossus(elevates posterior tongue while swallowing)
CN Ⅻ→ genioglossus(protrudes tongue), hyoglossus (retracts and depresses tongue), and styloglossus (draws sides of tongue upward to create a trough for swallowing). neurologyENT HirotoShishido
