thyroid antibodies・thyrotropin(TSH) receptor antibody (TRAb) → highly sensitive(97%) and specific(99%) to Graves disease
・thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibody
→ chronic lymphocytic (Hashimoto) disease, silent thyroiditis, postpartum thyroiditis, some patients with Graves disease
・thyroglobulin antibody → nonspecific (most common in autoimmune hypothyroidism)
・antibodies to thyroxine and trliodothyronine (anti-T4, T3)→ variety of autoimmune thyroid disorders, but are rare endocrinologyUWorld HirotoShishido
types of pericarditisfibrinous pericarditis
→ autoimmune disease(eg ☆SLE, RA), viral infection, uremia, MI
purulent pericarditis
→ active bacterial infection (eg S aureus, Streptococcus sepsis) in the pericardial space
hemorrhagic pericarditis (blood mixed with fibrinous exudate)
→ malignancy, TB, cardiac surgery cardiologyUWorld HirotoShishido
hyaline renal arteriosclerosisdeposition of eosinophilic hyaline material (☆homogenous, glassy material that stains pink with PAS stain) in the latima and media of small arteries and arterioles, which is characteristic ☆diabetes mellitus or poorly controlled hypertension renalendocrinologyUWorld HirotoShishido
risk factors/ histopathology of angiosarcomaradiation therapy and ☆chronic postmastectomy lymphedema(= Stewart-Treves syndrome)
Hepatic angiosarcoma associated with vinyl chloride and arsenic exposures.
infiltration of the dermis with slit-like abnormal vascular spaces
radial head subluxationCommon elbow injury in children < 5 years. Caused by a sudden pull on the arm→ immature ☆annular ligament slips over head of radius. Injured arm held in extended/slightly flexed and pronated position. musculoskeletalUWorld HirotoShishido
bursitisBursae are vulnerable to injury from acute trauma or chronic repetitive pressure and may also become inflamed due to infection (septic bursitis), crystalline arthropathy (eg, gout), or autoimmune conditions (eg, rheumatoid arthritis).
☆prepatellar bursitis ("housemaid knee")→ repetitive anterior knee trauma from kneeling
anserine bursitis→ frequently results from obesity or overuse in athletes
Femoral nerve mononeuropathy can occur due to trauma (eg, pelvic fracture), compression from a ☆hematoma or abscess, or injury during surgery/childbirth. Findings of femoral neuropathy include quadriceps weakness (eg, difficulty with stairs, falling due to knee buckling), decreased patellar reflex, and ☆sensory loss over the anterior and medial thigh and medial leg. musculoskeletalanatomyUWorld HirotoShishido
affinity of hemoglobin A and F to oxygenFetal hemoglobin (hemoglobin F) is synthesized primarily during fetal development (-8 weeks until term) and consists of the usual 2 alpha chains with 2 gamma chains in place of beta chains. The gamma chains do not bind effectively to 2,3-BPG due to replacement of a ☆histidine residue with serine. hematologyUWorld HirotoShishido
anastomosis for gastrostomy, which bypass duodenumBillroth Ⅱ, Roux-en-Y
Mallory bodies
→ clumped, amorphorus eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions made up of tangled intermediate filaments (alcoholic steatohepatitis) gastrointestinalUWorld HirotoShishido
impaired movement of fingers caused by ①lunate dislocation, ②guyon canal syndrome①Recurrent branch of the median nerve to the thenar muscles: weakness of the abductor pollicis brevis (thumb abduction), flexor pollicis brevis (thumb flexion), and opponens pollicis (thumb opposition)
② ulnar nerve) between the hook of the hamate and the pisiform bone in a fibroosseous tunnel → Guyon's canal
weakness on wrist flexion/adduction, finger abduction/adduction, and flexion of the fourth/fifth digits.
The hypothenar eminence can appear flattened due to denervated muscle atrophy... musculoskeletalanatomyUWorld HirotoShishido
drugs which has been shown to improve long-term survival in patients with HF due to left ventricular systolic dysfunctionβ-blocker(Bisoprolol, ☆Carvedilol, Metoprolol (β-blockers Curb Mortality)),
ACE inhibitors, ARB, aldosterone antagonists cardiologypharmacologyUWorld HirotoShishido
cavitary tuberculosis (TB) vs lung abscessTB→ usually due to reactivated (not primary) mycobacterial infection,
common in the ☆upper portions of the lung,
☆do not have air-fluid levels
characteristics of plasma cells☆"Clock-face" chromatin distribution and eccentric nucleus(perinuclear paleness), abundant RER, and well-developed Golgi apparatus.
focal nodular hyperplasia(NFH)
common in female, age 20-50
regenerative reaction to hyperperfusion from anomalous arteries at center of nodule
☆lighter than normal liver tissue and lobulated with stellate scar from which ☆fibrous septate radiates to the periphery
helical CT scan (which evaluates the mass during different phases of vascular contrast) generally reveals a hyperdense lesion (ie, filled with contrast during hepatic arterial phase) and a ★central scar.
