what produce aflatoxin B1
and what is caused by aflatoxin B1aspergillus flavus(not fumigatus)
High levels of dietary aflatoxin exposure is associated with a G:C → T:A transversion in codon 249 of the ☆p53 gene, a mutation thought to greatly increase the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma. microbiologygastrointestinalUWorld HirotoShishido
changes in tactile fremitus, breath sound, and percussion over consolidation, pulmonary edema, and pleural effusionboth consolidation and pulmonary edema→ increased, increased, dullness
function of human placental lactogen(hPL)Stimulates insulin production; ☆increased overall insulin resistance.
Gestational diabetes can occur if maternal pancreatic function cannot overcome the insulin resistance.
pilocytic astrocytoma
region, histology, characteristics on imaging(Juvenile) pilocytic astrocytomas usually arise in the ☆cerebellum, brainstem, hypothalamic region, or optic pathways.
Microscopically, pilocytic astrocytomas are well-differentiated neoplasms comprised of ☆spindle cells with hair-like glial processes that are associated with microcysts. These cells are mixed with ☆Rosenthal fibers and granular eosinophilic bodies.
clostridium perfringens two toxins
symptoms,treatmentα toxin= ☆phospholipase C(lecithinase)
→catalyze the splitting of phospholipid molecules
→myonecrosis(gas gangrene) extreme pain, swelling, crepitus(crackles when u press)
surgical excision, penicillin v or clindamycin, heperbaric therapy
risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladderSchistosoma haematobium(ビルハルツ住血吸虫)→cause chronic imflammation in bladder
chronic cystitis
kidney stone
am important characteristic of genitourinary schistosomiasis
=☆hematuria at the end of the voiding("terminal hematuria") microbiologyurologyUWorld HirotoShishido
function of BRCAbreast cancer gene1,2
BRCA1 and BRCA2 in particular are involved in ☆repair of double-stranded DNA breaks.
Affected women have a 70%-80% lifetime risk for developing breast cancer. Moreover, their lifetime risk of developing ovarian cancer is also increased by up to 40%, although the BRCA2 gene is less likely to lead to ovarian cancer. reproductiveUWorld HirotoShishido
How long do water soluble vitamins stay in the body?all are washed out easily from body except for B12 and B9
B12 stored in liver for 3-4 years(depletion will take longer)
☆B9 stored in liver for 3-4 months
→★folate deficiency arises far more quickly biochemistryUWorldUWorld step2CK HirotoShishido
the strongest risk factor for coronary heart diseasehighest→ ☆diabetes mellitus, noncoronary atherosclerotic disease, CKD
other major risk factors→ HTN, hyperlipidemia, smoking, ↑age, obesity, physical inactivity
Several studies have shown that diabetes mellitus is one of the strongest risk factors for coronary heart disease.
The risk of dying from coronary heart disease exceeds the risk of dying from any of the other listed causes, even in the absence of other major risk factors forcoronary heart disease. cardiologyUWorld HirotoShishido
drugs which has been shown to improve long-term survival in patients with HF due to left ventricular systolic dysfunctionβ-blocker(Bisoprolol, ☆Carvedilol, Metoprolol (β-blockers Curb Mortality)),
ACE inhibitors, ARB, aldosterone antagonists cardiologypharmacologyUWorld HirotoShishido
restless leg syndrome
cause, treatmentworse at rest/nighttime
relieved by movement
idiopathic, 国試iron deficiency, uremia, diabetes(especially with neuropathy), ★multiple sclerosis
Avoidance of aggravating factors (eg, alcohol, sleep deprivation, antipsychotics)
TAP protein
functionTAP(transporter associated with antigen processing) protein transports some of the peptide fragments degraded by proteasome into the endoplasmic reticucum and load onto ☆MHC class Ⅰ molecules
genetic mutation affecting MHC claps Ⅰ polypeptide complex expression(bare lymphocyte syndrome type Ⅰ)
→ulcerative glanulomatous skin lesions and frequent respiratory infeltions ☆despite normal lymphocyte and immunoglobulin levels immunologyUWorld HirotoShishido
cells in which telomere length is maintained by telomerasecells with high turnover rate
→☆hematopoietic stem cells, epithelial
cells, lymphocytes geneticsUWorld HirotoShishido
Kehr signreffered pain to the C3-5 shoulder pain
caused by any abdominal process irritating the phrenic nerve
☆splenic laceration, peritonitis, ☆pneumoperitoneum(commonly caused by
anterior duodenal ulcer), hemoperitoneum, etc. gastrointestinalUWorld HirotoShishido
for what predilection does HPV have?stratified squamous epithelium
(eg. ☆true vocal cords, anal canal, vagina, cervix) reproductiveUWorld HirotoShishido
stages of change in overcoming addictionprecontemplation(denying)
contemplation(acknowledging, but unwilling)
preparation
action
maintenance
relapse psychiatryUWorld HirotoShishido
amantadine
oseltamiviramantadine→ impairs uncoating or disassembly of influenza A virion after host cell endocytosis
no longer used due to resistance!!
