zinc-finger motifsthe most commonly identified DNA-binding domain in humans
Zinc-finger motifs are composed of chains of amino acids bound together around a zinc atom via linkages with cysteine (and sometimes histidine) residues. This forms a stable, finger-shaped structure containing 2 antiparallel β- strands and an α- helix.
Many ☆transcription factors(→ intracellular receptors) use multiple zinc-finger motifs to recognize specific genes and alter their activity. endocrinologybiochemistryUWorld HirotoShishido
which reaction in the glycolysis does erythrocyte bypassbypass the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate into 3-phosphoglycerate(normally produce ATP) using phoglycerate mutase
developmental delay in lysosomal strage diseaseTay sachs disease (hexosaminidase A)
Krabbe disease (galactocerebrosidase)
Hurler, Hunter disease biochemistry HirotoShishido
what enzyme is used for metabolism of triglyceride to produce glucose(gluconeogenesis)☆glycerol kinase
glycerol is secreted into circulation from adipose tissue and transported to the liver, where it's phosphorylated to glycerol-3-phosphate by glycerol kinase biochemistryUWorld HirotoShishido
enzyme for transamination reaction☆pyridoxine(vB6)
adrenoleukodystrophyX-linked recessive disorder of β-oxidation due to mutation in ABCD1 gene VLCFA buildup in adrenal glands, white (leuko) matter of brain, testes.
I cell diseasedefect in N-acetylglucosaminyl-1-phosphotransferase→
failure of the Golgi to phosphorylate mannose residues (mannose-6-phosphate) on glycoproteins→
proteins are secreted extracellularly rather than delivered to lysosomes.
Results in coarse facial features, gingival hyperplasia, clouded corneas, ☆restricted joint movements+bilateral hip dislocation(⇔hurler), claw hand deformities, kyphoscoliosis, and high plasma levels of lysosomal enzymes.
Often fatal in childhood. biochemistry HirotoShishido
the first step for de novo pyrimidine synthesisglutamine, ☆carbon dioxide and 2 molecules of ATP are used to form carbamoyl phosphate in a reaction catalized by larbamoyl phosphate synthase Ⅱ in ☆cytoplasm
after initial synthesis in the cytosol, purine and pyrimidine nucleotides are utilized for DNA synthesis in the nucleus biochemistryUWorld SIM2 HirotoShishido
phosphatidylinositol 2nd messenger systemThe alpha subunit of the active G protein initially stimulates phospholipase C, which catalyzes the breakdown of membrane-bound inositol phospholipids into 2 second messenger products
– inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
IP3 produces most of its effects by ☆releasing stored calcium from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
DAG activates protein kinase C, which phosphorylates downstream regulatory proteins and transcription factors. biochemistrypharmacologyUWorld SIM2 HirotoShishido
amino acids which compose transmembrane domains of G protein coupled receptor(hydrophobic amino acids)
ALL GirLs Pay Large Value In Pretty Thick Make up
two forms of ribosomesattached ribosomes→ binds to RER(rough endoplastic reticulum) after protein translation begins; site of synthesis of secretory (exported, ☆membrane) proteins
(Nissl bodies (RER in neurons)—synthesize peptide neurotransmitters for secretion.)
what chemical mimics connective tissue disruption in the aorta seen in patients with Marfan syndromeBeta-aminopropionitrile (a chemical found in certain kinds of ☆sweet peas) causes inhibition of lysyl oxidase, an enzyme responsible for cross-linking elastin fibers and collagen fibers.
Ingestion of this compound can cause connective tissue disruption in the aorta that mimics the myxomatous degeneration seen in patients with Marfan syndrome. cardiologybiochemistryUWorld HirotoShishido
symptoms of dry beriberisymmetric peripheral neuropathy characterized by weakness, areflexia, pain and paresthesias
☆does not commonly affects the lateral corticospinal tract(Babinski sign is more likely suggestive of myelopathic process(eg B12 deficiency) biochemistryUWorld SIM1 HirotoShishido
examples of proteins which undergo posttranslational cleavagecollagen→ N-terminal and C-terminal propeptides are cleaved by procollagen
peptidases
trypsinogen→ enterokinase cleaves pancreatic protease=trypsinogen, activating it to trypsin
What substance get accumulated in the setting of tissue hypoxiaWithout oxidative phosphorylation, the body increases glycolysis to generate ATP anaerobically, which produces excess pyruvate and ¥NADH.
(NAD+ is generally used in catabolic processes to carry reducing equivalents away as NADH)
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in this setting favors the conversion of excess pyruvate into lactate to regenerate NAD+. biochemistryAmboss level4 HirotoShishido
the fermentation of undigested lactose by gut bacteria→ production of short-chain fatty acid→ ☆acidify the stool (decreased stool pH)
→hydrogen gas is also produced, leading to ◯increased breath hydrogen content
→☆elevated stool osmolality gastrointestinalbiochemistryUWorld HirotoShishido
