different effectiveness of codeincodein is prodrug with basically no effects by itself
it instead must be ☆metabolized (by the liver via CYP2D6) into morphine in order to provide analgesia anesthesiologypharmacologyfree120 HirotoShishido
HPV carcinogenesisHPV viral protein E6 binds to ☆p53, a tumor suppressor protein that normally inhibits the proliferation of cells with genetic abnormalities. Ubiquitination of the E6-p53 complex induces degradation of p53, leading to unregulated cellular growth.
HPV viral protein E7 binds to retinoblastoma(Rb) protein, which results in the displacement of E2F (a transcription factor that induces cell cycle activation), promoting unregulated DNA replication and cyclin-mediated cell cycling. microbiologypathologyfree120 HirotoShishido
starry sky appearance①PSGN→ starry sky granular appearance(humpy-bumpy) in IF(GBM and mesangium)
②Burkitt lymphoma→ starry sky appearance, sheets of lymphocytes with widespread "tingible body"= a type of macrophage containing many phagosized, ☆apoptotic cells hematologyfree120 HirotoShishido
triad of GVHD, common donor organs, onsetdermatitis(☆maculopapular rash), hepatitis(jandice, hepatosplenomegaly), gastroenterotitis(diarrhea)
usually in bone marrow and liver transplant(rich in lymphocytes)
bacteria which produce dextrans using sucrose as a subtrate
treatment for this conditionviridans steptococci
can adhere to ☆tooth enamel and to ☆fibrin platelet aggregates on damaged heart valves due to their ability to produce insoluble extracellular polysaccharides(dextrans), causing subacute bacterial endocarditis