nuclear factor kappa B signalingNF-κB= transcrption factor
NF-κB is normally present in a latent, inactive state bound to its ☆inhibitor protein, IκB. As part of the classical activation pathway, an extracellular signal, causes activation of IκB kinase.
This results in ubiquitination and subsequent destruction of IκB with the release of free NF-κB. Once free, NF-κB enters the nucleus and promotes the synthesis of a number of inflammatory proteins. immunologyUWorld Jun 27, 2020, 3:24 AM HirotoShishido
cell surface marker of macrophages☆CD14, MHCⅡ, B7(CD80/86), Fc and C3b receptors
lipid A from bacterial LPS binds CD14 on macrophage to initiate septic shock immunologyUWorld Jun 24, 2020, 9:45 AM HirotoShishido
immunodeficiency which increase the risk of autoimmune diseaseselective IgA deficiency
common variable immunodeficiency
(defect in B cell differentiation)
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WATER) immunology Jun 24, 2020, 7:24 AM HirotoShishido
major role of superoxide dismutaseprevent the damaging effects of superoxide produced by aerobic respiration in the mitochondria immunologyUWorld SIM2 Jun 21, 2020, 4:18 AM HirotoShishido
what makes the sputum greenMyeloperoxidase contains a blue-green, heme-containing pigment that gives sputum its color.
myeloperoxidase deficiency → inable to form hypochlorite
less severe and less commonly involves recurrent serious bacterial infeltions. when symptomatic, it typically involves ☆candida infections immunologyUWorldfree120 Jun 19, 2020, 2:47 AM HirotoShishido
CD28on the naive T cells
binds to ☆CD80/86= B7 on APC
(responsible for proliferation and survival (signal 2))
eg. type Ⅳ hypersensitivity
signal 1→ T-cell activation:
Exogenous antigen is presented on MHC II and recognized by TCR on Th (CD4+) cell.
Endogenous or cross-presented antigen is presented on MHC I to Tc (CD8+) cell. immunologyfree120 Jun 18, 2020, 10:14 PM HirotoShishido
administration/ elimination of monoclonal antibodids(mAbs)must be given via intravenous or subcutaneous/ intramuscular routes ×oral
mAbs are ☆not eliminated by hepatic or renal clearance, but are instead removed from the body in 2 primary ways:
・Target-mediated drug clearance: mAbs directed against cell surface antigens undergo internalization upon binding to their targets, removing them from the circulation
・Nonspecific clearance: Immunoglobulins are constitutively taken up by reticuloendothelial macrophages and vascular endothelial cells. immunologypharmacologyUWorld Jun 15, 2020, 10:01 AM HirotoShishido
