targeted drug therapyuse of platinum based chemotherapy agents is limited because of severe adverse effects(eg nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, myelosuppression)
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The addition of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) antibodies on the liposome surface results in an antibody-drug conjugate, allowing the encapsulated drug complex to selectively bind to tumor cells expressing high levels of EGFR, which is often overexpressed in non-small cell lung cancer. oncologypharmacologyUWorld Jun 27, 2020, 2:18 AM HirotoShishido
pharmacologic stress testinguseful in diagnosing atherosclerotic CAD(coronary artery disease)
☆Dobutamine, a beta-1 agonist, increases heart rate and contractility to mimic the increase in myocardial oxygen demand that occurs with exercise. Myocardium that is unable to obtain sufficient blood flow to meet the increased oxygen demand typically demonstrates a ☆transient decrease in contractility . cardiologypharmacologyUWorld Jun 27, 2020, 1:23 AM HirotoShishido
voltage gated sodium channel toxinsBinds to Na+ channels, ☆inhibiting Na+ influx and preventing action potential conduction
・Tetrodotoxin (puffer fish)
・Saxitoxin (dinoflagellates in "red tide")
Binds to the Na+ channel, keeping it open and causing persistent depolarization
・Ciguatoxin (exotic fish, Moray eel)
・Batrachotoxin (South American frogs) pharmacologyUWorld Jun 26, 2020, 9:19 AM HirotoShishido
adverse effects of PDE-5 inhibitorssildenaFIL, avanaFIL, tadalaFIL
hydrolysis of cGMP → cGMP→ smooth muscle relaxation by enhancing NO activity → pulmonary vasodilation and ↑blood flow in corpus cavernosum FILs the penis
β-blocker withdrawal syndromeProlonged beta blockade leads to upregulation of beta-adrenergic receptors and increased sensitivity to circulating catecholamines, causing an enhanced beta-adrenergic response on abrupt beta blocker cessation (ie, beta blocker withdrawal syndrome). eg. angina can be triggered in patients with underlying coronary artery disease. pharmacologyUWorld Jun 26, 2020, 8:59 AM HirotoShishido
medications for motion sicknessAntihistamines
meclizine
the reason why TCA toxicity is treated with bicarbonateto overcome the sodium channel-blocking activity of TCAs, but not for accelerating drug elimination. pharmacologypsychiatryUWorld step2CK Jun 26, 2020, 7:55 AM HirotoShishido
pharmacokinetic difference between neonatal patients and adults↑Proportion of body water
Blood-brain barrier immaturity
→☆↑Distribution of water-soluble drugs(eg aminoglycosides, vancomycin) may necessitate higher mg/kg dose, ↑CNS toxicity
renal vs hepatic clearance of drugDrugs with high intrinsic hepatic clearance tend to have ☆high lipophilicity and a ☆high volume of distribution.
・Highly lipophilic drugs tend to be poorly eliminated in the kidney as these agents rapidly cross tubular cell membranes after filtration to reenter the tissues.
・High lipophilicity (lipid solubility) allows the drug to cross cellular barriers more easily and enter hepatocytes. It can then be excreted in the bile or through other methods of elimination. pharmacologyUWorld Jun 25, 2020, 2:38 AM HirotoShishido
