primary dysmenorrhea etiologyShortly before the onset of menses, ☆prostaglandin levels increase, which constricts blood vessels and contracts the uterus, causing pelvic pain and discomfort. reproductivegynecology Sep 26, 2019, 2:44 AM HirotoShishido
GnRH agonists
drugs, clinical useleuprolide(LEUprolide can be used in lieu of GnRH)
choriocarcinoma common metastasishematogenous spread to lungs
("cannonball" metastasis) reproductive Sep 22, 2019, 8:16 PM HirotoShishido
子宮支持組織について
子宮前屈を保つ→
子宮と卵巣をつなぐ→
卵巣動静脈、神経が通る→子宮円索(円靭帯) (鼠径管通る) round ligament
固有卵巣索 ligament of the ovary
卵巣提索(骨盤漏斗靭帯) suspensory ligament(infundibulopelvic ligament) reproductivegynecology Dec 13, 2018, 10:55 PM HirotoShishido
how the splitting timing affect the type of identical twinsDD→split occurs within 2,3days following the fertization
MD→3〜8days
DD→8〜13days reproductiveembryologyOBGY Apr 5, 2019, 9:40 PM HirotoShishido
factors for fraternal twinninghyperovulation caused by follicle stimulating hormone
the frequency of identical twinningidentical twinning 4/1000
fraternal twinning 10/1000 reproductiveOBGY Apr 5, 2019, 9:56 PM HirotoShishido
transitional cell carcinoma
gene & cancer typep53 dependent→flat & invasive
p53 independent→papillary tumor & less aggressive urologyreproductive May 13, 2019, 4:25 AM HirotoShishido
acute bacterial cystitis bacteriaE.coli (by far the most common)
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Klebsiella
Proteus mirabilis microbiologyurologyreproductive May 11, 2019, 3:19 AM HirotoShishido
acute bacterial cystitis risk factorsfemale gender,sexual intercourse,indwelling catheter,diabetes mellitus(hyperglycemia inhibit phagocytosis in bladder),impaired bladder emptying microbiologyurologyreproductive May 11, 2019, 3:12 AM HirotoShishido
benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) pathogenesis(5α-redactase convert testosterone into dihydrotestosterone,DHT)
after 30yo,testosterone production decline by 1% every year
meanwhile,5α-redactase increase with age
eventually, more DHT allows luminal and basal cells in the prostate to keep growing and multiplying urologyreproductive May 10, 2019, 10:30 PM HirotoShishido
BPH symptoms(start when prostatic urethra obstructed)
dribbling(weak stream of urine)
dysuria(pain during urination)
have to strain when urinating
hesitensy(trouble initiating urination)
nocturia reproductiveurology May 10, 2019, 10:41 PM HirotoShishido
精祖細胞、精母細胞、精子細胞、精子spermatogonium(2N,2C),spermatocyte(2N,4C→1N,2C),spermatid(1N,1C),sperm reproductive May 10, 2019, 8:53 PM HirotoShishido
