placenta accreta/increta/percreta(morbidity adherent placenta)
Placenta accreta—placenta attaches to myometrium without penetrating it; most common type.
Placenta increta—placenta penetrates into myometrium.
Placenta percreta—placenta penetrates (“perforates”) through myometrium and into uterine serosa (invades entire uterine wall) reproductiveOBGYUWorld Jun 27, 2020, 3:53 AM HirotoShishido
manifestation/ risk factor of ovarian cancerPresent with abdominal distention, bowel obstruction, pleural effusion.
increased risk with advanced age(>55), infertility, endometriosis, PCOS, genetic predisposition (eg, BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, Lynch syndrome, strong family history).
reduced risk with previous pregnancy, history of breastfeeding, OCPs, tubal ligation. reproductive Jun 26, 2020, 12:01 AM HirotoShishido
markers/ histology of epithelial ovarian tumor☆CA-125
Monitor response to therapy/relapse by measuring CA 125 levels (not good for screening).
☆anaplasia of epithelial cells with invasion into the stroma and multiple papillary formations
+serous cystadenocarcinoma → psammoma bodies
mucinous cystadenocarcinoma →
★pseudomyxoma peritonei (intraperitoneal accumulation of mucinous material 腹膜偽粘液種), mucin -producing epithelial cells reproductiveUWorld国試 Jun 25, 2020, 11:52 PM HirotoShishido
target of colposcopyThe TZ(transformation zone) undergoes active cell division, young women are vulnerable to the oncogenic effects of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and tobacco use.
Therefore, ☆the TZ is the most common site of cervical dysplasia/neoplasia. A colposcopy visualizes this area for biopsy.
agglutination inhibition testβ-hCG in urine prevent anti-hCG antibodies from binding to latex particle coated with hCG causing agglutination
→ the presence of agglutination is a negative result for pregnancy reproductiveUWorld SIM2 Jun 20, 2020, 11:14 PM HirotoShishido
clinical features/treatment of endometriosisdysmenorrhea, dyschezia, dyspareunia, pelvic pain(due to the formation of pelvic adhesions and fibrosis of uterosacral ligaments), ☆infertility(due to the distortion of the pelvic anatomy and impaired transport through the oviduct)
antiandrogenic effect of ketoconazolea weak antiandrogen that decreases synthesis of steroid hormones in gonads(lydig cells) and adrenals reproductive Jun 12, 2020, 5:46 AM HirotoShishido
penis anatomy
which part does cGMP affectcorpus cavernosum/ corpus spongiosum
→ tunica albuginea→ Buck's(deep) fascia→ Dartos(superficial) fascia→ skin
cGMP mediates relaxation in the smooth muscle cells that surround the cavenous venous sinuses of the copora cavenosa reproductiveanatomyUWorld SIM1 May 26, 2020, 5:45 AM HirotoShishido
