systematic approach to stepping up medications for asthmaSABA(short acting albuterol inhaler), then low-dose ICS(inhaled corticosteroids), then moderate-dose ICS, then high-dose ICS, then LABA(long), and lastly oral corticosteroids.
used as an antitussive in adult and pediatric patients with a persistent cough after ruling out other potential pathologies (COPD, asthma, allergies, sinusitis) pharmacologyrespiratory HirotoShishido
which compartment of lumg volumes does obesity affect?The most prominent finding on PFTs(pulmonary function tests) is a reduced expiratory residual volume(ERV), which is caused by reduced functional residual capacity in the setting of a ☆normal residual volume(RV) respiratory HirotoShishido
lieukotriens that work as bronchoconstrictorsLTC4, LTD4, LTE4
common cause of cyanide poinsoning
findingshouse and apartment fires
(furniture and other household items are often lined with synthetic material that releases cyanide and other toxic chemicals when burned)
hypoxia unresponsive to supplemental O2 and ↑anaerobic metabolism→lactic acidosis(anion-gap acidosis) respiratory HirotoShishido
what happens to carbon dioxide transport when metabolic acidosis happenschloride shift
The additional CO2 enters the RBCs, and carbonic anhydrase catalyzes a reaction with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which then dissociates into H+ and HCO3-. The hydrogen ions are buffered by the deoxyhemoglobin, while the HCO3- diffuses out of the RBCs in exchange for Cl-. This is called the chloride shift. respiratory HirotoShishido
6 pathways for respiratory regulation①voluntary control: bypass respiratory centers and send signals directly to C3-5
②control via chemoreceptor: H+ stimulates CCR →pneumotaxic center(PC)→DRG→inspiration
③control via stretch receptor(=Hering Breuer reflex): stretch receptor send signals to pneumotaxic center→ decrease signals to DRG→ transition from inspiration to expiration
④,⑤control via subepithelial receptors and Juxta capillary receptors: (same as ③)
⑥control via muscle proprioceptors: signal are sent via dorsal cord to DRG respiratory HirotoShishido
acute respiratory distress syndrome
histopathologyleakage of protein rich fluid into alveoli
formation of intra-alveolar hyaline membranes respiratory HirotoShishido