vastectomy and viable spermpatient will have viable sperm in distal vas for 3 months and at least 20 ejaculations following vastectomy reproductiveurologyUWorld HirotoShishido
cystinuria
pathophysiologya defect in amino acid reabsorption in the ☆proximal tubule that leads to defective reabsorption of cystine, ornithine, lysine, and arginine(COLA)
the most common neurogenic cause of overflow incontinencediabetes mellitus(automatous bladder)
(pelvic nerve(sympathetic) is damaged) renalurology HirotoShishido
radiolucent kidney stoneradiolUcent(放射線透過性)
→Uric acid (5% of kidney stones)
(however, can be seen on noncontrast CT) urologyrenal HirotoShishido
center of urinationpontine strage center→stops micturation reflex
pontine micturation center(PMC)→allows micturation reflex
micturation center(S2,3)→micturation reflex(contraction of bladder,relaxation of sphincters) urology HirotoShishido
RCC blood vesselsinvade renal vein→if LEFT sided, may develop varicocele(精索静脈瘤)→IVC→hematogenous spread→metastasis to lung and bone urologyrenal HirotoShishido
