Paraquat ☆reacts with oxygen to create free radicals, which cause acute alveolitis followed by severe lung fibrosis. Supplemental oxygen should be avoided unless saturations are < 85% or the patient has been transitioned to palliative care. poisoning国試 HirotoShishido
活性炭の適応と禁忌① 投与のタイミング:活性炭の投与は,薬毒物服用から1時間以内が有効とされている.
② 活性炭単回投与がとくに有効とされている薬物は,アスピリン,アセトアミノフェン,バルビツレート,フェニトイン,テオフィリン,三環系・四環系抗うつ薬などである.活性炭の吸着効果は強大であり,上記以外の多くの薬毒物に対しても,その効果が期待できる.今後さらに,各種薬毒物に対する活性炭の有効性を確認してゆく必要がある.
⑤ 妊婦でも,活性炭は体内に吸収されないため安全に使用できる.
surgical procedures for acute otitis media (AOM)Indications
Not routinely indicated in acute AOM
Consider for patients with treatment failure or recurrent infection.
Procedures
・Myringotomy
Surgical incision into the tympanic membrane to drain fluid to relieve pressure/pain
Consider as an adjunct to antibiotic therapy for severe otalgia and a ☆bulging tympanic membrane
・Myringotomy with tympanostomy tube insertion
for chronic otitis media infectious diseaseENT国試過去3年 HirotoShishido
WHO regionJapan→ Western Pacific Region (WPRO)
African Region (AFRO)
Region of the Americas (PAHO)
South-East Asia Region (SEARO)
European Region (EURO)
Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO) medu4国試public health HirotoShishido
treatment of Legg-Calvé-Perthes diseaseConservative treatment: limited weight bearing, physical therapy
・Indicated in:
Young children (< 6 years of age)
Mostly undamaged femoral head
Lateral pillar A classification
・☆Casting and bracing can also be used until femoral head deformity develops or range of motion worsens.
Surgery: femoral osteotomy
Indicated in:
・Older children (≥ 6 years of age)
Extensive damage to the femoral head (> 50%)
Lateral pillar B/C class
・Hip arthroplasty can be considered in adults that develop OA orthopedics国試 HirotoShishido
treatment of rhabdomyolysis and crush syndrome☆IV fluid administration
Monitor fluid output and electrolyte levels
Correct electrolyte imbalances as necessary (see treatment of hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia)
In the case of renal failure: consider hemodialysis pharmacologypsychiatry国試 HirotoShishido
osteochondritis dissecansX-ray
Initial test
May be normal in early stages
More advanced lesions appear as a subchondral bony fragment surrounded by radiolucency.
MRI
Used for early diagnosis in patients with persistent symptoms and normal x-rays and for precise staging
May show articular cartilage thickening or partial detachment in early stages
causative organism for pyogenic liver abscesspyogenic
→ 80% of liver abscesses
Polymicrobial infection (most common)
E. coli is the most common causative organism.
K. pneumoniae is the second most common.
Other causative bacteria: Enterococci, Streptococci (eg, ☆viridans), Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, anaerobes infectious diseasegastrointestinal国試 HirotoShishido
complications of roseola infantumFebrile seizures (in up to 15% of cases), usually without sequelae
complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)Symptoms usually develop within (☆)4–6 weeks following a trauma
★Burning/stinging pain excessive in duration or severity given the inciting event
Sensory: hyperesthesia and/or allodynia
Vasomotor: hypo-/hyperthermia and/or hypo-/hyperpigmentation of the skin, ★erythema
Sudomotor/★edema: hypo-/(☆)hyperhidrosis and/or edema
Motor/trophic: (☆)↓ range of motion orthopedics国試UWorld step2CK HirotoShishido
follow up for Helicobacter pylori eradication therapyUrea breath test, stool antigen test, or biopsy 4–6 weeks after completion of therapy.
Serology is not preferred to confirm eradication, as it remains positive for weeks/months after eradication.
burn the skin or flesh of (a wound) with a heated instrument or caustic substance in order to stop bleeding or to prevent infection
‘Cauterize the small bleeders to keep my visual field clean’ english HirotoShishido
management of otitis media with effusionPatients without speech impairement at the time of diagnosis: ★monitor for 3 months
Patients with speech impairement or persistent OME at follow-up
Age < 4 years: placement of tympanostomy tubes
Age ≥ 4 years: placement of tympanostomy tubes and/or adenoidectomy ENTpediatricsUWorld step2CK HirotoShishido
elopeɪˈləʊp
run away secretly in order to get married.
"later he eloped with one of the housemaids" english HirotoShishido