Nonproliferative - damaged capillaries leak blood → lipids and fluid seep into retina (hard exudates) → hemorrhages and macular edema, which can distort vision. Arteriolar obstruction cause ischemic injury → ☆cotton-wool spots
+☆microaneurysm, dot-blot hemor
Treatment: blood sugar control.
Proliferative - chronic hypoxia results in new blood vessel formation with resultant traction on retina → retinal detachment. Treatment: anti-VEGF injections, peripheral retinal photocoagulation, surgery.
ophthalmology
UWorld
Optimized studying based on the forgetting curve vastly improves memorization. - What is reminDO?
Memorize