Direct cytotoxicity of intravenous contrast on tubular cells
→ diffuse necrosis of the ☆proximal tubular cells visible on histologic specimens and muddy brown casts on urinalysis
Renal vasoconstriction
→ Renal vasoconstriction causing medullary ischemia and a prerenal injury pattern (ie, fractional excretion of sodium <1%), even in the absence of clinical volume depletion
renal
UWorld
Optimized studying based on the forgetting curve vastly improves memorization. - What is reminDO?
Memorize