尿路結石 女性で少ない理由女性ではクエン酸が高い傾向にあり、クエン酸(citric acid)はカルシウムをキレート(chelate)するため尿路結石できにくくなる。 urology May 18, 2019, 12:05 AM HirotoShishido
most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction in male infants
diagnosis,treatmentposterior urethral valves(PUV,後部尿道弁)
diagnosis
-prenatal: on ultrasound dialated or thick-walled bladder
-postnatal: voiding cystourethrogram(VCUG)
treatment
-prenatal: risky, resrerved for severe cases
-postnatal: transurethral catheter ablation reproductiveurology May 17, 2019, 11:57 PM HirotoShishido
which chromosomal aneuploidy syndromes are associated w/ horseshoe kidneyturner syndrome, trisomies 13,18,21 renalurology May 15, 2019, 4:58 AM HirotoShishido
腎周囲組織Gerota's fasia,capsula adipose,capsula fibrosa(from outside to inside) renalurology May 14, 2019, 4:00 AM HirotoShishido
symptoms/treatment of hydronephrosisflank pain ☆radiating to the groin with a balltable flank mass that develops within a week of pelvic surgery
risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladderSchistosoma haematobium(ビルハルツ住血吸虫)→cause chronic imflammation in bladder
chronic cystitis
kidney stone
am important characteristic of genitourinary schistosomiasis
=☆hematuria at the end of the voiding("terminal hematuria") microbiologyurologyUWorld May 13, 2019, 6:32 AM HirotoShishido
typical symptoms of adenocarcinoma of bladdermucusuria and abdominal mass can indicate urachal adenocarcinoma renalurology May 13, 2019, 6:24 AM HirotoShishido
inflammatory disease that can grossly mimic RCC (renal cell carcinoma)xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
→rare types of chronic pyelonephritis
grossly orange nodules that can mimic tumor nodules
黄色肉芽種性腎盂腎炎
associated with Proteus infection
renal oncocytoma can presents similarily with painless hematuria, flank pain, abdominal mass renalurology May 11, 2019, 7:22 AM HirotoShishido
complications of acute pyelonephritischronic pyelonephritis,renal papillary necrosis(worse prognosis),perinephric abscess,urosepsis urologyrenal May 11, 2019, 6:50 AM HirotoShishido
prevention of honeymoon cystitisdrink lots of fluids after the sexual intercourse so bacteria might be flashed out urology May 11, 2019, 6:22 AM HirotoShishido
acute bacterial cystitis bacteriaE.coli (by far the most common)
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Klebsiella
Proteus mirabilis microbiologyurologyreproductive May 11, 2019, 6:19 AM HirotoShishido
acute bacterial cystitis risk factorsfemale gender,sexual intercourse,indwelling catheter,diabetes mellitus(hyperglycemia inhibit phagocytosis in bladder),impaired bladder emptying microbiologyurologyreproductive May 11, 2019, 6:12 AM HirotoShishido
nephrolithiasis
urine crystalls shapes and stone colorscalcium oxilate→ envelope, black
PTHrP(parathyroid hormone-related protein)→ ↑Ca (SCC of the lung)
☆Ectopicerythropoietin(EPO)→ polycythemia
(* RCC can also cause both anemia of chronic disease and iron deficiency anemia due to chronic hematuria)
RCC blood vesselsinvade renal vein→if LEFT sided, may develop varicocele(精索静脈瘤)→IVC→hematogenous spread→metastasis to lung and bone urologyrenal May 11, 2019, 4:35 AM HirotoShishido
