methemoglobinemia
cause, symptoms, treatmentnitrates(nitroglycerin), nitrites(亜硝酸塩, high altitude water sources), ☆benzocaine(local anesthesia for apthous stomatitis),dapsone
☆chocolate colored blood, cyanosis(☆Fe3+ has ↑ affinity for cyanide→ left shift), pulse oximetry inaccuracy
Repiratory syncytial virus(RSV)
mechanism of infectionF protein
enables ☆fusion to the respiratory epithelium and causes membranes of nearby cells to merge, forming the characteristic syncytia observed on histopathology.
Palivizumab (monoclonal antibody against F protein) prevents pneumonia caused by RSV infection in premature infants. microbiologyfree120 HirotoShishido
disulfiram-like syndromehypersensitivity to alcohol (hangover-like syndrome)
1st gens Sulfonylureas(chlorpropamide,tolbutamideすーちゃんいーで),
☆metronidazole,cephalosporin,griseofulvin(griffin)
what makes the sputum greenMyeloperoxidase contains a blue-green, heme-containing pigment that gives sputum its color.
myeloperoxidase deficiency → inable to form hypochlorite
less severe and less commonly involves recurrent serious bacterial infeltions. when symptomatic, it typically involves ☆candida infections immunologyUWorldfree120 HirotoShishido
CD28on the naive T cells
binds to ☆CD80/86= B7 on APC
(responsible for proliferation and survival (signal 2))
eg. type Ⅳ hypersensitivity
signal 1→ T-cell activation:
Exogenous antigen is presented on MHC II and recognized by TCR on Th (CD4+) cell.
Endogenous or cross-presented antigen is presented on MHC I to Tc (CD8+) cell. immunologyfree120 HirotoShishido
maintainance of blood glucose when fasting食後一定時間までは食物由来のグルコース。
それが低下傾向を示すと肝臓のグリコーゲン分解が始まるが、after about ☆12-18 hrs of fasting, glycogen stores are depleted and gluconeogenesis is required to maintain blood glucose.(24hrs-2days)
→utilize ketone bodies for the majority of its energy needs
