blood transfusion reaction whose onset is over 24hrs(1 -2weeks)
delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction(DHTR)
→
Anamnestic response to a foreign antigen on donor RBCs (most commonly Rh or ☆other minor blood group antigens) previously encountered by recipient hematologyUWorld HirotoShishido
erythropoiesis stimulating agent
indication, adverse effectsanemia of chronic disease
what drug is responsiblesideroblastic anemia
☆ringed sideroblast are seen in bone marrow with Prussian blue stain
☆isoniazid, linezolid, chloramphenicol
warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia(AIHA)
associated diseaseSLE, CLL
(and with certain drugs (eg)α-methyldopa) hematology HirotoShishido
sickle cell anemia
treatmenthydroxyurea(treatment for frequent and severe pain)
hydroxyurea ☆increases fetal hemoglobin production (HbF is unaffected by sickle cell mutation because it's not compoted of beta chains(ααγγ)), which lowers the risks of RBC sickling and sickling-related complications pharmacologyhematologyUWorld HirotoShishido
pathogenesis/ causes/ manifestation/ first line chemotherapy for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)Stem cell disorders involving ineffective hematopoiesis → defects in cell maturation of nonlymphoid lineages.
Caused by de novo mutations or environmental exposure (eg, radiation, benzene, chemotherapy). Risk of transformation to AML.
ringed sideroblast,
Pseudo-Pelger-Huet anomaly- neutrophils with bilobed (“duet”) nuclei. Typically seen after chemotherapy.
☆pitechiae, weakness, recurrent infections
(splenomegaly is uncommon)
characteristics of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia(ALL)accounts for 15-17% of all ALL
T-ALLs tend to manifest as thymic lymphomas(anterior mediastinal mass) ☆in late childhood through young adulthood
(presenting as SVC-like syndrome, ☆dysphagia, )
positive for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase(TdT+)(marker for pre-T and pre-B cells, both for B and T ALLs)
t(12;21) has better dianosis hematologyUWorld HirotoShishido
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)
labs, complications, treatment☆CD55/59➖RBCs on flow cytometry
Chronic hemolysis with breakdown of iron-containing erythrocytes can also lead to iron deposition in the kidney (☆hemosiderosis), which can interfere with proximal tubule function and cause interstitial scarring and cortical infarcts. The hemosiderosis combined with microvascular thrombosis can increase the risk of CKD.
+ thrombosis at atypical site(hepatic, portal, cerebral), pancytopenia
the treatment for pregnant women with DVT at less than 37 weeks gestationlow molecular weight heparin (LMWH), such as ☆enoxaparin, is preferred over unfractionated heparin pharmacologyOBGYhematology HirotoShishido
β-thalassemia major
treatment and adverse effect(β chain is absent)
Causes marrow fibrosis → ☆dry tap on aspiration.
☆LUQ pain, massive splenomegaly, pancytopenia
cladribine(antimetabolites, ☆ADA inhibitor)
☆ADA converts adenosine/deoxyadenosine into inosine/deoxyinosine
→ inhibition of ADA activates alternate pathyway, leading to lymphocyte apoptosis hematologyUWorld HirotoShishido
