secondary to what contact allergen is the cause of allergic conact dermatitispoison ivy(☆unmaintained wooded area), poison oak, and poison sumac→ all produce urushiol
nickel, neomycin dermatologyimmunologyUWorld HirotoShishido
the difference between Sabin and Saik poliovirus vaccineSabin=live attenuated vaccine generates a much more robust oropharyngeal and intestinal mucosal IgA response than the inactivated(Saik) vaccine immunologyUWorld HirotoShishido
serum sickness
cause, histopathologytype Ⅲ hypersensitivity
fever, (★)arthritis, itchy rash during the prodromal period of the infection 1-2weeks after antigen exposure
•Antivenom or antitoxin containing animal proteins or serum
•Medications, most frequently antibiotics (e.g., ★penicillin, amoxicillin, cefaclor, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ☆chimeric monoclonal antibodies→ rituximab, infliximab)
•Infections: ¥Hepatitis B virus
Where can M. tuberculosis be seen within macrophages in lymph node biopsyThe medullary sinuses are vessel-like spaces between the cords of lymphatic tissue that are located in the medulla of a lymph node. The medullary sinus is filled with macrophages and reticular cells. Histiocytes, a form of macrophage in the medulla, span a network of pseudopods that filter the sinuses of incoming pathogens.
the mechanism of formatiom of nonhealing wounds and ulcers in patients with diabetes(In patients with diabetes mellitus, constitutively elevated blood glucose increases inflammation by stimulating the release of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species from neutrophils. )
Elevated glucose also leads to a marked decrease in ☆IL-10 production that contributes to the increased susceptibility for chronic, nonhealing wounds and ulcers in patients with uncontrolled diabetes.
(inflammatory response attenuates IL-10 respose, and IL-10 attenuates inflammation) immunologypathologyUWorld HirotoShishido
superficial lymphatic vessels and deep lymphatic vessels of legslateral system→☆popliteal nodes→ deep inguinal nodes
glans penis and penile urethra→ deep inguinal nodes
early and late phase type Ⅰ hypersensitivityearly(immediate) →histamine, leukotriens→ vasodilation→ wheal and flare that can progress to a more systemic response(anaphylaxis)
ataxia telangiectasia
mutation, triad, labsdefects in ATM(ataxia telangiectasia mutated)→failure to detect DNA damage
☆↑↑sensitivity to radiation
+repeated sinopalmonary infection
triad: IgA deficiency, cerebellar defects, (oculocutaneous) telangiectasia
muromomabused to prevent organ transplant rejection
It binds to CD3 receptors on T cells to trigger apoptosis, reducing T-lymphocyte count and IL-2 activity.
There is no direct effect on B lymphocytes, but B lymphocyte activity decreased due to the reduced activation by T lymphocyte. immunologypharmacology HirotoShishido
induce mast cell degranulation by activating of protein kinase A and PI3 kinase
Because red man syndrome(RMS) is not IgE mediated,it is not a true allergic reaction, so vancomycin infusion can be resumed at a slower rate once symptoms resolve. immunologypharmacologyUWorld HirotoShishido
monoclonal antibody against EGFR
clinical indicationonly effective for tumors with ☆wild-type (normal) KRAS
candida infection
in immunodeficiency↓granulocytes→ disseminated candidiasis
※pattern recognition receptors(eg dectin-1) on phagocytic cells allow for the destruction of fungi by the innate immune system
TAP protein
functionTAP(transporter associated with antigen processing) protein transports some of the peptide fragments degraded by proteasome into the endoplasmic reticucum and load onto ☆MHC class Ⅰ molecules
genetic mutation affecting MHC claps Ⅰ polypeptide complex expression(bare lymphocyte syndrome type Ⅰ)
→ulcerative glanulomatous skin lesions and frequent respiratory infeltions ☆despite normal lymphocyte and immunoglobulin levels immunologyUWorld HirotoShishido
deficiency of the late compliment factors(ie C5b-C9)
