paget disease of bone
pathophysiology/ complicationsPaget disease of the bone is caused by RANKL-RANK receptor activation, which triggers downstream ¥Nuclear factor(NF)-κB signaling and increases osteoclast activity.
steroid injection at which location helps relieve nerve root compression and alleviate symptoms of disc herniationintervertebral foramen musculoskeletalAmboss level4 HirotoShishido
colchicine
mechanism, adverse effectBinds and stabilizes tubulin to inhibit microtubule polymerization, disrupting ☆cytoskeletal dependent function such as ☆neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and degranulation.
It also reduces the formation of leukotriene B4.
inferior/superficial epigastric arteryinferior epigastric artery branches off from the external iliac artery immediately proximal to the inguinal ligament
between transverse abdominis muscle and internal oblique muscle
trauma to the inferior epigastric artery below the arcuate line can result in significant hemorrhage (below the line, rectus abdominis is covered only by the anterior sheath (no posterior sheath))
→cesarian involves ☆vertical separation
what anatomical landmark heplps locate the optimal site for lumbar punctureThe optimal location for needle insertion is the L3/L4 or L4/L5 space as this is well below the spinal cord termination site. The L4 vertebral body lies on a line drawn between the highest points of the ☆iliac crests musculoskeletal HirotoShishido
location of osteomyelitis in children agemetaphysis of the long bones
(as this region contains slow flowing, sinosoidal vasculature)
(Adults are less likely to develop hematogenous osteomyelitis in the long bones due to changes associated with epiphysial closure.) musculoskeletalUWorld HirotoShishido
hip and pelvic pain on exertion on the patient with sickle cell disease☆avascular necrosis
assesment of severity in the patient with ankylosing spondilitis
and its pathophysiologyenthesopathies of the costovertebral and costosternal junctions can limit ☆chest wall expansion
+☆reduced spinal mobility, ☆enthesitis(eg tenderness ☆at the insertion site of the Achilles, plantar faciitis, dactylitis)
Defects in the mucosal barrier and an abnormal intestinal microbiome induce an ☆IL-17-mediated inflammatory response
→ tumor necrosis factor-alpha
(TNF-alpha) and prostaglandins, which have synergistic effects with IL-17 and induce bony erosions and abnormal bone regrowth musculoskeletalUWorld new question HirotoShishido
posterior hip dislocation
affected nerve, movementthe inferior gluteal nerve, which innervates the gluteus maximus
This muscle extends and laterally rotates the thigh and aids in standing from a sitting position. Patients with damage to this nerve also have difficulty ascending stairs and jumping. musculoskeletalanatomy HirotoShishido
psoas abscess
etiology, symptomsprimary origin or a secondary origin from a contiguous infection such as osteomyelitis, ☆IBD (eg, Crohn disease), or pyelonephritis
