what does the absense of DNA laddering (unfragmented) in the abnormal lymphoid cells after agarose gel electrophoresis mean?the abnormal cells evade apoptosis
mechanism of cancer cells evading apoptosisdevelopment of the ability to ☆splice out a particucar exon that codes for the transmembrane domain of the Fas receptor(FasR) converting it to a soluble form that is not expressed on the cell surface, which allows the cells to evade apoptosis
the mechanism of formatiom of nonhealing wounds and ulcers in patients with diabetes(In patients with diabetes mellitus, constitutively elevated blood glucose increases inflammation by stimulating the release of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species from neutrophils. )
Elevated glucose also leads to a marked decrease in ☆IL-10 production that contributes to the increased susceptibility for chronic, nonhealing wounds and ulcers in patients with uncontrolled diabetes.
(inflammatory response attenuates IL-10 respose, and IL-10 attenuates inflammation) immunologypathologyUWorld HirotoShishido
field cancerization(multiple tumors develop independently after after an exposure)
Even with adequate treatment of a malignancy, the areas affected by field cancerization remain at higher risk of developing multiple primary malignancies, as seen in this patient. Therefore, patients diagnosed with any of these cancers require comprehensive evaluation and continued surveillance of the at-risk area. pathologyoncologyUWorld HirotoShishido
wound dehiscenceWound dehiscence is the rupturing of a previously closed wound, and can result from insufficient granulation and scar tissue formation, inadequate wound contraction, or excessive mechanical stress.
Such wound rupture most commonly occurs in abdominal wounds that are subject to ☆increased intraabdominal pressure. pathologyUWorld HirotoShishido
unusually pronounced metalloproteinase activity☆contractures may occur due to excessive wound contraction
MMP activity is important in wound healing, as it encourages both myofibroblast accumulation at the wound edges and scar tissue remodeling. pathologyUWorld HirotoShishido
cachexia
pathophysiologyWeight loss, muscle atrophy, and fatigue that occur in chronic disease (eg, cancer, AIDS, heart failure, COPD).
Mediated by TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1, and IL-6, which stimulate the ☆ubiquitin-proteasome pathyway to degrade muscle proteins pathologyUWorld HirotoShishido
sensitive indicator of colorectal cancer recurrencecarcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)
histologic features of AMI, ischemic brain strokedifference
AMI
・(4-8)-24hrs coagulative necrosis caused by ☆massive calcium influx
・>2weeks contracted scar
paraneoplastic cerebellar degenerationcaused by ☆SCLC, breast, ovarian, uterine cancer
→ progressively worsening dizziness, limb and truncal ataxia, dysarthria, and visual disturbances
☆immune response against tumor cells that cross-reacts with ☆Purkinje neuron antigens
(anti-Yo, anti-P/Q, and anti-Hu are the most common antibodies detected in the serum)
three factors of epitheliumbasal lamina
cell adhesion
differentiation potency pathology HirotoShishido
what is the target of
①Vimentin ②S-100 ③desmin ④cytokeratin
(immunohistochemical stain)①viMEntin→MEsenchymal tissue(sarcoma, endometrial carcinoma, RCC, meningioma)
