☆pretibial myxedema, proptosis(Graves orbitopathy)
Graves ophthalmopathy are not mediated by thyroid hormone or adrenergic stimulation and ☆do not respond to beta blockers. However, they are immune mediated, the manifestation usually respond to glucocorticoid therapy.
fibroblasts stimulated by TRAb secrete excess amount of ☆glycosaminoglycans (eg hyaluronic acid) along with adipogenesis, which expand ground substance of retro-orbital tissues
→desiccation(eg a sense of ☆grittiness), tearing
endocrinology
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