Post : HirotoShishido

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retroperitoneal abdominal organs Suprarenal (adrenal) glands
Aorta and IVC
Duodenum (2nd through 4th parts)
(head and tail) Pancreas (except tail)
Ureters
Colon (descending and ascending)
Kidneys
Esophagus (thoracic portion)
Rectum (mid-distal)
gastrointestinal anatomy UWorld May 31, 2020, 10:54 AM   HirotoShishido

mechanism of correction of metabolic acidosis by kidney ・Increased HCO3- reabsorption
・Increased H+ secretion
・Increased acid buffer excretion: In order to facilitate excretion of much larger amounts of acid, the kidney utilizes acid buffers to trap H+ without markedly lowering urinary pH. The 2 most important acid buffers in urine are ☆hydrogen phosphate (HPO4 2-) and ammonia (NH3),
renal endocrinology UWorld May 31, 2020, 10:33 AM   HirotoShishido

mechanism of correction of metabolic acidosis by kidney ・Increased HCO3- reabsorption
・Increased H+ secretion
・Increased acid buffer excretion: In order to facilitate excretion of much larger amounts of acid, the kidney utilizes acid buffers to trap H+ without markedly lowering urinary pH. The 2 most important acid buffers in urine are ☆hydrogen phosphate (HPO4 2-) and ammonia (NH3),
renal endocrinology UWorld May 31, 2020, 10:33 AM   HirotoShishido

which structure is targeted at by high-frequency deep brain stimulation(DBS) for medically intractable symptoms of Parkinson disease? globus pallidus internus or subthalamic nucleus

(stimulation of ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus may lessen excessive movements of essential tremor)
neurology neurosurgery UWorld May 31, 2020, 8:51 AM   HirotoShishido

common affected region/ pathophysiology/ presentation/ management for ganglion cyst most commonly on the ☆dorsal wrist; other common sites include the volar wrist, digits, and feet

They are thought to be due to mucoid degeneration of periarticular tissue, leading to outpouching of the connective tissue. Mucinous fluid collects via a 1-way valve mechanism, possibly due to repetitive joint movements, resulting in slow growth of the cyst.

Painless, sooth, rubbery, round structure that overlies a joint or tendon & ☆transilluminates

usually resloves spontaneously
musculoskeletal UWorld May 31, 2020, 2:55 AM   HirotoShishido

which cells experience hyperplasia as a result of renal hypoperfusion? JG cells (☆modified smooth muscle
cells with renin-containing zymogen granules) of the affected kidney(s)to undergo hyperplasia as a result of chronic stimulation

Macula densa cells are tall, narrow cells located in the distal tubule that monitor salt content and tubular flow rate. This information is transmitted to nearby JG cells that are located mainly in the wall of the afferent arteriole.
renal UWorld May 30, 2020, 8:03 AM   HirotoShishido

what fibrillin-1 does?/ where is it seen? fibrillin is a glycoprotein that ☆forms a sheath around elastin=microfibrils

microfibrils are abundant in ☆blood vessels(eg. aortic media), periosteum, and the suspensory ligaments of the lens
genetics UWorld May 30, 2020, 7:33 AM   HirotoShishido

clinical use/ mechanism of action of imiquimod many common dermatologic disorders associated with abnormal cell proliferation, including ☆anogenital warts (human papillomavirus virus infection), superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis

activation of ☆toll-like receptor 7, which upregulates the proinflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-KB)
→ enhanced immune-mediated killing of aberrant cells
dermatology pharmacology UWorld May 30, 2020, 3:51 AM   HirotoShishido

late stage radiation dermatitis (months to years, acute<90 days after radiotherapy)

fibrosis= ☆homogenization of dermal collagen, vascular damage→ chronic hypoxia and ulceration, ☆abnormal dilatied microvasculature(ie telangiectasias)
dermatology radiology UWorld May 30, 2020, 2:32 AM   HirotoShishido

histopathologic findings of verruca valgaris ・☆Epidermal hyperplasia (acanthosis) with eosinophilic inclusions and keratohyaline granules
・Thickened stratum corneum (hyperkeratosis)
・Papilloma formation
・☆Perinuclear cytoplasmic vacuolization(koilocytosis)
dermatology UWorld May 30, 2020, 2:18 AM   HirotoShishido

direct effects of PTH(parathyroid hormone) bone, kidney (×intestine)

↑bone resorption

↑calcium reabsorption, ☆↓phosphorus reabsortion
↑1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

(1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D works on intestines and bone
intestine→ ↑absorption of calcium and ☆phosphorus
bone→ ↑calcium and phosphorus release)
endocrinology UWorld SIM1 May 29, 2020, 10:58 PM   HirotoShishido

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