pathogen which cause both pyelonephritis and infective endocarditis to the patients with prolonged catheterizationEnterococcus faecalis(GDS) microbiology HirotoShishido
where does rash start in the patients with roseola infantum, measles, rubellaroseola infantum(exanthem subitum)→starts on trunk and spreads to the face
measles→starts on the head/neck and spreads downward
rubella→starts on face and spreads centrifugally to involve trunk and extremities ☆(postauricular, occipital) lymphadenopathy microbiologypediatricsUWorld HirotoShishido
mechanism of resistance to vancomycinamino modification of D-Ala-D-Ala ty D-Ala-D-Lac
bacterias which infect humans via
①transformation, ②transduction, ③conjugation①transformation
SHiN(S.pneumoniae, H.influenzae type b, and Nisseria)=Encapsulatea bacteria, ↑prevalence in asplenics
☆direct uptake of extracellular DNA(lysis & relase of DNA)
②transduction(bacteriophage)
ABCD'S
group A sterp erythrogenic toxin, Botulinum toxin, Cholera toxin, Diphtheria toxin, Shiga toxin
how E.coli infect bladderThey use their ☆fimbriae to attach to the epithelial cell walls of the urinary tract. This allows the bacteria to withstand the pressure of the fluid flowing past them and colonize in the urinary tract. microbiology HirotoShishido
Clostridium difficile
two toxinsToxin A=enterotoxin→alters fluid secretion
Toxin B=cytotoxin(more potent than Toxin A)→cause ☆apoptosis in a variety of cell types via actin depolymerization
(Toxins inactivate Rho-regulatory proteins which is involved in actin cytoskeletal structure maintenance. The result is ☆loss of cytoskeleton integrity, leading to cell rounding/retraction, disruption of intercellular tight junctions, and increased paracellular intestinal fluid secretion (eg, watery diarrhea)) gastrointestinalmicrobiology HirotoShishido
spirochetes
spicesBacon Lettuce and Tomato (sandwich)
bacterias which increase fluid secretionenterotoxigenic E coli
→heat labile:↑cAMP→↑Cl secretion in gut
heat stable:↑cGMP(labile in the Air, stable on the Ground)→↓ resorption of NaCl
