risk factors/ pathophysiology/ symptoms of osteomalacia☆limited nutritional intake and minimal sunlight exposure are highly suggestive of osteomalacia
【rickets→ ☆Exclusive breastfeeding】
decreased mineralization of ☆osteoid
(impaired ☆osteoid production by osteoblasts→ osteogenesis imperfecta)
histopathology of
①Hashimoto thyroiditis
②Riedel thyroiditis
③de Quervain thyroiditis
④Graves disease①☆lymphoid aggregates with germinal centers
Hurthle cells(Askanazy or oxyphil cells)=enlarged ephthelial cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and prominent nucleoli are commonly seen
②thyroid replaced by fibrous tissue and inflammatory infiltrate
aminoglycosides/ quinolones
mechanism of resistanceaminoglycosides
aminoglycosides-modifying enzyme adds chemical groups(eg ☆acetyl, adenyl, phosphate) to a target drug
(located on the cytoplasmic surface of the cell membrane)
