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intracellular calcium regulation ryanodine receptors→ sense the initial calcium influx and triggers further release of Ca2+

Na+/Ca2+ exchanger(NCX)→ calcium efflux from the cytoplasm

sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase pump(SERCA)→ same as NCX
musculoskeletal physiology UWorld May 12, 2020, 4:22 AM   HirotoShishido

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paget disease of bone
pathophysiology/ complications Paget disease of the bone is caused by RANKL-RANK receptor activation, which triggers downstream ¥Nuclear factor(NF)-κB signaling and increases osteoclast activity.

↑ blood flow from ↑ arteriovenous shunts may cause high output heart failure.
☆↑ risk of osteosarcoma
musculoskeletal Amboss level4 UWorld May 7, 2020, 1:21 AM   HirotoShishido

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inferior/superficial epigastric artery inferior epigastric artery branches off from the external iliac artery immediately proximal to the inguinal ligament
between transverse abdominis muscle and internal oblique muscle

trauma to the inferior epigastric artery below the arcuate line can result in significant hemorrhage (below the line, rectus abdominis is covered only by the anterior sheath (no posterior sheath))
→cesarian involves ☆vertical separation

superficial→ distal to the inguinal ligament
on the external oblique muscle
anatomy musculoskeletal UWorld May 3, 2020, 2:14 AM   HirotoShishido

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what anatomical landmark heplps locate the optimal site for lumbar puncture The optimal location for needle insertion is the L3/L4 or L4/L5 space as this is well below the spinal cord termination site. The L4 vertebral body lies on a line drawn between the highest points of the ☆iliac crests
musculoskeletal May 1, 2020, 8:03 AM   HirotoShishido

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location of osteomyelitis in children age metaphysis of the long bones
(as this region contains slow flowing, sinosoidal vasculature)

(Adults are less likely to develop hematogenous osteomyelitis in the long bones due to changes associated with epiphysial closure.)
musculoskeletal UWorld Apr 22, 2020, 3:39 AM   HirotoShishido

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artery in close association with the radial nerve deep brachial artery
anatomy musculoskeletal UWorld Feb 20, 2020, 5:11 AM   HirotoShishido

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muscles attaches to greater trochanter ☆gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis
anatomy UWorld musculoskeletal Jan 22, 2020, 9:00 PM   HirotoShishido

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at what vertebral level is conus medullaris located?
which nerve is affected ln conus medullaris syndrome? L1-2

S3-5(urinary incontinence, bilateral pain⇔ cauda epuina syndrome)
anatomy musculoskeletal neurology Dec 23, 2019, 11:03 AM   HirotoShishido

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Injury to which of the arteries increases the risk of femoral head osteonecrosis medial femoral circumflex artery
musculoskeletal Dec 22, 2019, 6:48 AM   HirotoShishido

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