changes in tactile fremitus, breath sound, and percussion over consolidation, pulmonary edema, and pleural effusionboth consolidation and pulmonary edema→ increased, increased, dullness
where do goblet cell, and ciliated cell disappear on the respiratory mucosagoblet→ (interspersed throughout the respiratory mucosa) from the trachea down to the larger bronchioles
ciliated→ from the trachea to the proximal part of the respiratory bronchioles
alveolar macrophages in COPDIf they are chronically activated by a recurring insult (such as smoking), the chronic inflammatory responses will induce cytokines to trigger the alveolar macrophages to ☆increase elastase activity to breakdown elastin and decrease lung compliance.
pathologic findings in chronic bronchitis
how to evaluate themmucus-secreting gland hypertrophy and hyperplasia
Bronchial gland hyperplasia in the submucosa is the major contributor to
bronchial wall thickening. The severity of this change can be measured by the Reid index.
methemoglobinemia
cause, symptoms, treatmentnitrates(nitroglycerin), nitrites(亜硝酸塩, high altitude water sources), ☆benzocaine(local anesthesia for apthous stomatitis),dapsone
☆chocolate colored blood, cyanosis(☆Fe3+ has ↑ affinity for cyanide→ left shift), pulse oximetry inaccuracy
