acute bacterial cystitis bacteriaE.coli (by far the most common)
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Klebsiella
Proteus mirabilis microbiologyurologyreproductive May 11, 2019, 3:19 AM HirotoShishido
acute bacterial cystitis risk factorsfemale gender,sexual intercourse,indwelling catheter,diabetes mellitus(hyperglycemia inhibit phagocytosis in bladder),impaired bladder emptying microbiologyurologyreproductive May 11, 2019, 3:12 AM HirotoShishido
benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) pathogenesis(5α-redactase convert testosterone into dihydrotestosterone,DHT)
after 30yo,testosterone production decline by 1% every year
meanwhile,5α-redactase increase with age
eventually, more DHT allows luminal and basal cells in the prostate to keep growing and multiplying urologyreproductive May 10, 2019, 10:30 PM HirotoShishido
BPH symptoms(start when prostatic urethra obstructed)
dribbling(weak stream of urine)
dysuria(pain during urination)
have to strain when urinating
hesitensy(trouble initiating urination)
nocturia reproductiveurology May 10, 2019, 10:41 PM HirotoShishido
seminiferous tubules 精細管
epididymis
vas deferens 輸精管
ejaculatory ducts 射精管
(nothing)
urethra
penis reproductiveurology May 10, 2019, 7:45 AM HirotoShishido
which chromosomal aneuploidy syndromes are associated w/ horseshoe kidneyturner syndrome, trisomies 13,18,21 renalurology May 15, 2019, 1:58 AM HirotoShishido
腎周囲組織Gerota's fasia,capsula adipose,capsula fibrosa(from outside to inside) renalurology May 14, 2019, 1:00 AM HirotoShishido
which histological pattern of BPH does best respond to finasteride?predominant epithelial hyperplasia>> predominant stromal hyperplasia(collagen or smooth muscle predominance) reproductiveurologyUWorld Mar 31, 2020, 2:04 AM HirotoShishido
symptoms/treatment of hydronephrosisflank pain ☆radiating to the groin with a balltable flank mass that develops within a week of pelvic surgery
which cell does secrete inhibin B, androgen binding protein(ABP), and Müllerian inhibitory factor(MIF) in male reproductive system・Sertoli cells
inhibin B which inhibit FSH
ABP allows testosterone to cross blood-testis barrier
(☆if dysfunctioning, low concentration of testosterone in the seminiferous tubule and normal circulating teststerone level can be seen(as long as hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis are normally functioning)
MIF that suppress development of paramesonephric ducts
PTHrP(parathyroid hormone-related protein)→ ↑Ca (SCC of the lung)
☆Ectopicerythropoietin(EPO)→ polycythemia
(* RCC can also cause both anemia of chronic disease and iron deficiency anemia due to chronic hematuria)
risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladderSchistosoma haematobium(ビルハルツ住血吸虫)→cause chronic imflammation in bladder
chronic cystitis
kidney stone
am important characteristic of genitourinary schistosomiasis
=☆hematuria at the end of the voiding("terminal hematuria") microbiologyurologyUWorld May 13, 2019, 3:32 AM HirotoShishido
