types of nephrolithiasis
80%→calcium
renal
urology
RCC treatment
surgery,immunotherapy(recombinant interleukin-2 e.g. aldesleukin)
renal
urology
RCC blood vessels
invade renal vein→if LEFT sided, may develop varicocele(精索静脈瘤)→IVC→hematogenous spread→metastasis to lung and bone
urology
renal
transitional cell carcinoma(TCC)
Pee SAC
urology
renal
typical symptoms of adenocarcinoma of bladder
mucusuria and abdominal mass can indicate urachal adenocarcinoma
renal
urology
prevention of honeymoon cystitis
drink lots of fluids after the sexual intercourse so bacteria might be flashed out
urology
complications of acute pyelonephritis
chronic pyelonephritis,renal papillary necrosis(worse prognosis),perinephric abscess,urosepsis
urology
renal
acute bacterial cystitis risk factors
female gender,sexual intercourse,indwelling catheter,diabetes mellitus(hyperglycemia inhibit phagocytosis in bladder),impaired bladder emptying
microbiology
urology
reproductive
benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) pathogenesis
(5α-redactase convert testosterone into dihydrotestosterone,DHT)
urology
reproductive
BPH symptoms
(start when prostatic urethra obstructed)
reproductive
urology
pathway of sperm during ejaculation
SEVEN UP
reproductive
urology
尿路結石 女性で少ない理由
女性ではクエン酸が高い傾向にあり、クエン酸(citric acid)はカルシウムをキレート(chelate)するため尿路結石できにくくなる。
urology
most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction in male infants
posterior urethral valves(PUV,後部尿道弁)
reproductive
urology
which histological pattern of BPH does best respond to finasteride?
predominant epithelial hyperplasia>> predominant stromal hyperplasia(collagen or smooth muscle predominance)
reproductive
urology
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