when does fatty steaks start to be seen?(the earliest lesions in the progression to atherosclerosis and) can be seen as early as ☆the second decade of life cardiologyUWorld HirotoShishido
paradoxical embolism(venous thromboemboli entering the systemic arterial circulation)
eg. cerebrovascular event in the setting of known venous thromboembolic disease is suspicious for paradoxical embolism
common complication of adult-type coacrctation of the aortahypertension associated complications including left ventricular failure, ruptured dissecting aortic aneurysm, and ☆intracranial hemorrhage(congenital berry aneurysms of the Circle of Willis) cardiologyneurologyUWorld HirotoShishido
bacterial endocarditis
microorganismacute onset→S aureus both damaged and ☆previously normal valves
heart murmurs occurs with the patients with bacterial endocarditisholosystolic murmur
caused by mitral regurgitation/tricuspid regurgitation cardiologyUWorld SIM2 HirotoShishido
common complication of transcatheter aortic valve implantation(TAVI)paraventricular leak (improper sealing of the prosthetic valve to the native valve annulus)→ ☆aortic regurgitation cardiologyUWorld HirotoShishido
development of a new systolic murmur that resolved following revascularization in patients with myocardial infarction(MI)Myocardial infarction can cause ischemia of the papillary muscle and the adjacent LV wall on which it is mounted.
This results in hypokinesis and outward ☆displacement of the ☆papillary muscle, creating increased tension on the attached chordae tendineae and preventing complete closure of the corresponding mitral valve cusp.
Timely restoration of adequate blood supply with coronary revascularization restores papillary muscle and LV wall motion, often leading to resolution of the MR. cardiologyUWorld HirotoShishido
administration of nitrateAround-the-clock nitrate administration (in any form) rapidly results in ☆development of tolerance to nitrates.
This is why a ☆nitrate-free interval must be provided every day in patients that are using daily long acting nitrates.
Korotkoff can be heard thrughout the respiratory circle → normal
Korotkoff can be heard only during expiration at 120mmHg, but can be heard throughout the respiratory circle at 100mmHg→ puslsus pardoxus cardiologyUWorld HirotoShishido
what is the function of platelet for forming atheromarelease platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF), activating macrophages and endothelial cells, and this triggers smooth muscle cell(SMC) recruitment from the media and proliferation in the intima cardiologyUWorld HirotoShishido
histology of buerger disease
in what races does it have a propensity to occur?(thromboangiitis obliterans)
segmental vasculitis(= ☆inflammatory intraluminal thrombi) extending into contiguous veins and nerves
histology of cardiac amyloidosiscross sections of normal cardial cells(blue arrow), with other areas of myocardium infiltrated by an ☆amorphous and acellular pink material (black arrow) cardiologyUWorld HirotoShishido
areas particulary susceptible to neuropathic ulcersare points of localized pressure created by a shoe or weight-bearing bones of the foot (eg, ☆plantar surface of the first metatarsal head)
A wound in this area often goes unnoticed (due to lack of pain sensation and being hidden by socks orshoes) and can develop into a nonhealing foot ulcer. cardiologyendocrinologyUWorld HirotoShishido
