the difference between Müllerian agenesis and androgen insensitivity syndromeMüllerian agenesis(Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome)
agenesis! not regression
→1° amenorrhea, functional ovaries
no upper vagina, ☆variable development of uterus(pelvic ultrasound)
androgen insensitivity syndrome
→rudimentary vagina, ☆absent uterus and fallopian tube due to persistence of anti-Mullerian hormone
Affected women have a 70%-80% lifetime risk for developing breast cancer. Moreover, their lifetime risk of developing ovarian cancer is also increased by up to 40%, although the BRCA2 gene is less likely to lead to ovarian cancer. reproductiveUWorld HirotoShishido
transitional cell carcinoma
gene & cancer typep53 dependent→flat & invasive
p53 independent→papillary tumor & less aggressive urologyreproductive HirotoShishido
BPH symptoms(start when prostatic urethra obstructed)
dribbling(weak stream of urine)
dysuria(pain during urination)
have to strain when urinating
hesitensy(trouble initiating urination)
nocturia reproductiveurology HirotoShishido
benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) pathogenesis(5α-redactase convert testosterone into dihydrotestosterone,DHT)
after 30yo,testosterone production decline by 1% every year
meanwhile,5α-redactase increase with age
which cell does secrete inhibin B, androgen binding protein(ABP), and Müllerian inhibitory factor(MIF) in male reproductive system・Sertoli cells
inhibin B which inhibit FSH
ABP allows testosterone to cross blood-testis barrier
(☆if dysfunctioning, low concentration of testosterone in the seminiferous tubule and normal circulating teststerone level can be seen(as long as hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis are normally functioning)
MIF that suppress development of paramesonephric ducts
