benzodiazepines which has higher addictive potential☆short acting→ATOM CL(くる)
Alprazolam(intermediate 6-50hrs)
Triazolam(short<6hrs)
Oxazepam(intermediate)
Midazolam(short)
+clonazepam(intermediate), ☆lorazepam(intermediate)
alprazolam, a short-acting benzodiazepine, is the most likely to result in ★seizures following abrupt discontinuation. Symptoms of withdrawal from benzodiazepines with short half-lives can appear as early as 24 hours after cessation and include seizures, tremors, anxiety, perceptual disturbances, and psychosis pharmacologyUWorldUWorld step2CK Jul 18, 2019, 1:56 AM HirotoShishido
erythema multiforme
association, pathophysiologymost commonly associated with ☆★HSV, ☆mycoplasma pneumoniae
Picture
how common?, symptoms, pathophysiologythe second most common genetic cause of intellectual disability=fragile X syndrome(FXS)
(CGG)n (protruding)Chin, Giant Gonads(after puberty)
+★autism, ☆large head,★ large ears
FXS is caused by a mutation of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene on the long arm of the X chromosome. FMR1 normally has 5 to 55 CGG trinucleotide repeats and can potentially expand during meiosis in oocytes. "Full mutation" is characterized by >200 CGG trinucleotide repeats, which causes FMR1 ☆h... geneticsUWorldUWorld step2CK Sep 20, 2019, 5:54 AM HirotoShishido
Conn disease
treatmentaldosterone secreting adenoma of the adrenal cortex→hyperaldosteronism
potassium sparing diuretics
(eg ★eplerenone, spironolactone, amiloride)
eplerenone is a new aldosterone antagonist that has fewer side effects
carcinoid syndrome
symptoms, histopathologyCarcinoid syndrome does not occur if (carcinoid) tumor is limited to the GI tract(intestine, rectum, appendix→ can cause ☆acute appendicitis)
characterized by its uniformity in shape and size of the cells that comprise the islands, and the cells of eosinophilic cytoplasm and oval-to-round stippled nuclei endocrinologyUWorldUWorld step2CK Jun 26, 2019, 3:39 AM HirotoShishido
causes of acute pancreatitisI GET SMASHED
idiopathic
gallstones
ethanol
trauma
steroids
mumps
autoimmune disease
scorpion bites
hypercalcemia/☆hypertriglyceridemia(>1000mg/dL)
ERCP
drugs(sulfa→★thiazide/furosemide are the most common, NRTIs(didanosine)) gastrointestinalUWorldUWorld step2CK Oct 5, 2019, 6:47 AM HirotoShishido
autoimmune vs H. pylori-induced chronic gastritis (distribution, inflammatory cells, gastrin, sequelae, malignancy, risk factors)・autoimmune
diffuse (body and fundus of stomach , spares antrum)
Lymphocytes, macrophages
↑ gastrin (produced by G cells on the antrum)
Vitamin B12 deficiency/pernicious anemia
★Adenocarcinoma, carcinoid
Other autoimmune diseases
・H. pylori-induced chronic gastritis
affects antrum first and spread to body of stomach (Multifocal; patchy)
Neutrophils, plasma cells, lymphocytes
normal or ↓ gastrin from G cells
Gastric ulcer
Adenocarcinoma, MALT lymphoma
Poverty, living in developing country gastrointestinalUWorldUWorld step2CK Nov 26, 2019, 7:20 AM HirotoShishido
