mechanism of cancer cells evading apoptosisdevelopment of the ability to ☆splice out a particucar exon that codes for the transmembrane domain of the Fas receptor(FasR) converting it to a soluble form that is not expressed on the cell surface, which allows the cells to evade apoptosis
secondary to what contact allergen is the cause of allergic conact dermatitispoison ivy(☆unmaintained wooded area), poison oak, and poison sumac→ all produce urushiol
nickel, neomycin dermatologyimmunologyUWorld HirotoShishido
ataxia telangiectasia
mutation, triad, labsdefects in ATM(ataxia telangiectasia mutated)→failure to detect DNA damage
☆↑↑sensitivity to radiation
+repeated sinopalmonary infection
triad: IgA deficiency, cerebellar defects, (oculocutaneous) telangiectasia
immunodeficiency which increase the risk of autoimmune diseaseselective IgA deficiency
common variable immunodeficiency
(defect in B cell differentiation)
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WATER) immunology HirotoShishido
cell surface marker of macrophages☆CD14, MHCⅡ, B7(CD80/86), Fc and C3b receptors
diseases associated with type Ⅲ hypersensitivityPAN, PSGN, SLE, serum sickness, arthus reaction(infrequently reported after vaccinations containing diphtheria and tetanus toxoid)
what does mast cell release during the immediate reactionrelease histamine (a vasoactive amine) and ☆tryptase (a marker of mast cell activation) immunologyUWorld HirotoShishido
hyperacute/ acute/ chronic transplant rejectionhyperacute→ Widespread thrombosis of graft vessels, vascular fibrinoid necrosis
minites to hours
acute→ lymphocytic infiltrate and vasculitis
(type Ⅳ hypersensitivity reaction, CD8 and CD4 positive T cells are activated against donor MHCs)weeks to months
what should be added after patient serum in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)(a known antigen→ patient serum which contains antigen specific antibody→)
☆Anti-human immunoglobulin antibody coupled to a substrate-modifying enzyme (eg, peroxidase) is then added. This antibody-enzyme conjugate binds to antigen-bound antibodies in the wells. The plate is again washed.
(→subtrate is added to elicit a detectable signal such as color change(proportional to the amount of antibody present in the patient's serum)) immunologyUWorld SIM1 HirotoShishido
presentation of severe combined immunodeficiency(SCID)☆Failure to thrive, chronic diarrhea, thrush, recurrent severe viral, fungal, or opportunistic (PCP) infections immunologyUWorld HirotoShishido
administration/ elimination of monoclonal antibodids(mAbs)must be given via intravenous or subcutaneous/ intramuscular routes ×oral
mAbs are ☆not eliminated by hepatic or renal clearance, but are instead removed from the body in 2 primary ways:
・Target-mediated drug clearance: mAbs directed against cell surface antigens undergo internalization upon binding to their targets, removing them from the circulation
・Nonspecific clearance: Immunoglobulins are constitutively taken up by reticuloendothelial macrophages and vascular endothelial cells. immunologypharmacologyUWorld HirotoShishido
superficial lymphatic vessels and deep lymphatic vessels of legslateral system→☆popliteal nodes→ deep inguinal nodes
glans penis and penile urethra→ deep inguinal nodes
the mechanism of formatiom of nonhealing wounds and ulcers in patients with diabetes(In patients with diabetes mellitus, constitutively elevated blood glucose increases inflammation by stimulating the release of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species from neutrophils. )
Elevated glucose also leads to a marked decrease in ☆IL-10 production that contributes to the increased susceptibility for chronic, nonhealing wounds and ulcers in patients with uncontrolled diabetes.
(inflammatory response attenuates IL-10 respose, and IL-10 attenuates inflammation) immunologypathologyUWorld HirotoShishido
