treatment of polydactylyAmputation of least functional digit Usually >1 yr of age (when functional status can be assessed) plastic surgerypediatrics卒試 Oct 18, 2020, 7:47 AM HirotoShishido
gestational age for Nuchal translucency U/S11-14w OBGY卒試 Oct 18, 2020, 7:10 AM HirotoShishido
treatment of hyperkalemia■ [K+] <6.5 and normal ECG
◆ treat underlying cause, stop K+ intake, increase the loss of K+ via urine and/or GI tract
■ [K+] between 6.5 and 7.0, no ECG changes: add insulin to above regimen
■ [K+] >7.0 and/or ECG changes: first priority is to protect the heart, add ★calcium gluconate (counterbalances the membrane depressive effect of hyperkalemia) to above electrolytes卒試UWorld step2CK Oct 14, 2020, 5:01 AM HirotoShishido
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☆pralidoxime(regenerates AChE if given early)(PAM)(☆should be given only after atropine because it can cause transient acethylcholinesterase inhibition) pharmacologyUWorld卒試 Dec 5, 2019, 12:52 AM HirotoShishido
incubation period for each organisms which cause acute diarrheaemetic B cereus 1-6h
S aureus 2-4h
C perfringens 8-12h
diarrheal B cereus 8-16h
Norovirus 1d
Salmonellosis 大腸, V cholerae, EIEC, ETEC 1-3d
Rotavirus 2-4d
☆Campylobacter jejuni 大腸2-10d
EHEC 大腸3-8d
Yersinia 大腸5d
Cryptosporidium 7d
S typhi 大腸10-14d
Giardia lamblia 7-28d
E histolytica 大腸14-28d gastrointestinal卒試 Oct 18, 2020, 6:45 AM HirotoShishido
rapid acting insulin
physiologic insulin secretion1-2 hr peak
no LAG
Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine
(→ regular(2-4hr) available ☆iv, im → NPH(4-12hr)→detemir(3-9hr, lasts up to 24hr)→)
glarGINE→no peak(long acting, lasts about 24hr)
insulin degludec, concentrated glargine with duration of action>24hr
physiologic insulin secretion can be approximated by a combination of ☆long-acting and rapid-acting insulin analogs (ie, basal-bolus regimen).
(glargine once daily plus lispro before each meal) endocrinology卒試UWorld Feb 1, 2020, 5:58 AM HirotoShishido
treatment of vesicoureteral reflux• spontaneous resolution in 60% of primary reflux
■ in lower grades (I-III), goal is to prevent infection or renal damage via medical treatment
• medical treatment: daily ABx prophylaxis
• surgical treatment: ureteral reimplantation ± ureteroplasty, or subureteral injection with bulking agents (Deflux® or Macroplastique®)
■ indications include failure of medical management, renal scarring (e.g. renal insufficiency, HTN), breakthrough UTIs, persistent ☆high grade (IV or V) reflux urologypediatrics卒試 Oct 19, 2020, 8:47 AM HirotoShishido
treatment of pneumothorax■ stable, small (<2 cm between lung and chest wall on x-ray), minimal symptoms: observation + O2
■ symptomatic or large (>2 cm): aspiration
■ unstable/tension pneumothorax: needle decompression then chest tube, and VATS if unsuccessful
(25-50%) respiratorysurgery卒試 Oct 16, 2020, 4:27 AM HirotoShishido
common age with premature thelarcheIt occurs in females younger than 8 years, with the highest occurrence before the age of 2. PT is rare, occurring in 2.2-4.7% of females aged 0 to 2 years old. pediatrics卒試 Oct 19, 2020, 5:22 AM HirotoShishido
bone tumors which manifest bone pain worsing at nightosteoid osteoma
