PictureFollicular thyroid carcinomas (FTCs) are characterized by ☆invasion of the tumor capsule and/or surrounding blood vessels. endocrinologypathologyUWorld HirotoShishido
p-glycoproteinAlso known as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1).
Classically seen in adrenocortical carcinoma but also expressed by other cancer cells (eg, colon, liver).
Used to pump out toxins, including chemotherapeutic agents (one mechanism of responsiveness or resistance to chemotherapy over time).
+BBB(disruptions of tight junctions or ☆p-glycoprotein inhibition can improve drug delivery to the CNS),
+apical surface of enterocytes(can limit drug bioavailability by pumping the drug back) pathologyUWorld HirotoShishido
what does the absense of DNA laddering (unfragmented) in the abnormal lymphoid cells after agarose gel electrophoresis mean?the abnormal cells evade apoptosis
reversible and irreversible cell injuryreversible
↓ATP →↓ activity of Ca2+ and Na+/K+ pumps→ ☆cellular swelling (earliest morphologic manifestation), ☆mitochondrial swelling, chromatin clumping, plasma membrane changes(eg bleb)
irreversible
Breakdown of plasma membrane→ cytosolic enzymes (eg, troponin) leak outside of cell, influx of Ca2+ → activation of degradative enzymes,
Mitochondrial damage/dysfunction→ loss of electron transport chain= ☆mitochondrial vacuolization→ ↓ATP, apoptosis, rupture of lysosomes→ autolysis pathologyUWorld HirotoShishido
cancer epidermiology(incidence, mortality)Men
1. Prostate
2. Lung
3. Colon/rectum
the mechanism of formatiom of nonhealing wounds and ulcers in patients with diabetes(In patients with diabetes mellitus, constitutively elevated blood glucose increases inflammation by stimulating the release of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species from neutrophils. )
Elevated glucose also leads to a marked decrease in ☆IL-10 production that contributes to the increased susceptibility for chronic, nonhealing wounds and ulcers in patients with uncontrolled diabetes.
(inflammatory response attenuates IL-10 respose, and IL-10 attenuates inflammation) immunologypathologyUWorld HirotoShishido
unusually pronounced metalloproteinase activity☆contractures may occur due to excessive wound contraction
MMP activity is important in wound healing, as it encourages both myofibroblast accumulation at the wound edges and scar tissue remodeling. pathologyUWorld HirotoShishido
what receptor is affected by decreased ATP during cell injuryNa+-K+ ATPase,
sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase
pathophysiology of aortic stenosisThere is subendothelial lipid deposition and infiltration of inflammatory cells (ie, macrophages, T lymphocytes) followed by the release of inflammatory mediators (eg,interleukin-1-beta, transforming growth factor beta-1).
Subsequently, there is increased production of proteins involved in tissue calcification (eg, osteopontin). ☆Fibroblasts differentiate into osteoblast-like cells, leading to aberrant bone matrix deposition with progressive valvular calcification and stenosis. cardiologypathologyUWorld HirotoShishido
paraneoplastic cerebellar degenerationcaused by ☆SCLC, breast, ovarian, uterine cancer
→ progressively worsening dizziness, limb and truncal ataxia, dysarthria, and visual disturbances
☆immune response against tumor cells that cross-reacts with ☆Purkinje neuron antigens
(anti-Yo, anti-P/Q, and anti-Hu are the most common antibodies detected in the serum)
histopathology of syphilitic lesionat all stages classlcally demonstrate ☆proliferative endarteritis of small vessels with a surrounding plasma cell rich infiltrate
(eg. aortic aneurysm, condyloma lata)
